Human Body
Systems
Human Body Systems
THE
DR. I.I.L. MCSNEER
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
WAY
Digestive
Respiratory
Integumentary
Immune
Lymphatic
Muscular
Circulatory
Skeletal
Nervous
Endocrine
Excretory
Reproductive
And Levels of Organization
http://www.parentingpress.com/pics/sock_cvr.jpg
Believe it
or not,
you are
organized!
The main levels of organization are…
Cells, Tissues, Organs, Organ Systems, and You (the Organism).
Well, at least your body is!
Can you
identify
&
label the 3
levels of
organization
shown here?
Levels of Organization
The Human Body has several “layers” of organization beginning with the
simplest and becoming more complex.
Answers to previous slide: cell, tissue, organ (small intestine).
http://www.bmb.psu.edu/courses/bisci004a/chem/levels.jpg
Here They Are: Your Body Systems (Part 1).
http://www.agen.ufl.edu/~chyn/age2062/lect/lect_19/147a.gif
And Your Body Systems (Part 2)
http://www.agen.ufl.edu/~chyn/age2062/lect/lect_19/lect_19.htm
So Let’s Begin!
DR. I.I.L. MCSNEER Presents…
Your Digestive System
Your digestive
system is like
a complicated
chemical
processing
plant, and
performs many
functions.
What major tasks does your digestive
system help you accomplish?
Your Digestive System…
…breaks down food
into molecules the
body can absorb.
…passes these
molecules into the
blood to be carried
throughout the body.
…works to eliminate
solid wastes from the
body.
The Parts
of
Your
Digestive
System
How well
do you
know
them?
Label the
parts of your
digestive
system on
your
handout;
then correct
them using
the following
slide.
Parts of Your Digestive System
Now for the
Digestive
Journey
The Digestive Journey
Digestion begins in your mouth with action of your teeth
and tongue (mechanical digestion) and your salivary
glands (chemical digestion).
The salivary glands produce enzymes that are mixed with
the food, breaking down the starches. Peristalsis is the
muscular action that moves the food through the
esophagus and into your stomach after you swallow.
Your Stomach
The food moves into your stomach, which contains
chemicals that break down biomolecules like
proteins and lipids. Your stomach releases these
materials into the upper small intestine (duodenum),
where digestion is completed. Your stomach also
has a thick coating of mucus to protect it form the
acids and to keep it from digesting itself!
By the way, your stomach really
does look like a muscular bag!
Your Liver, Pancreas, and Gall Bladder
Located in the upper portion of your
abdomen, your liver is the largest
organ of your body. It is like a busy
chemical factory that plays many
roles such as breaking down toxins
and producing bile--a substance
that helps break down fat. The bile
is stored in the gall bladder. The
pancreas lies between the
stomach and the duodenum and
produces enzymes that flow into
the small intestines, helping to
break up complex starches,
proteins, and fats.
Your Small & Large Intestines
After the solid food has been
digested it passes into the
small intestines. In the small
intestines all the nutrients are
absorbed leaving undigestible
wastes. These wastes pass
into the large intestines,
where water is removed. Then
the wastes are stored in the
rectum until they are released
by the anus as feces.
Cross Section of Your Intestines
The Villi add surface area to increase absorption of food and
nutrients. On the left you see how the villi line your small
intestines, and on the right you see 1 villi with its capillaries.
DR. I.I.L. MCSNEER Presents…
Your Respiratory System
The Functions of Your Respiratory System
Your respiratory system moves oxygen from the outside
environment into your body. It also removes carbon
dioxide and water from your body (this image shows all
the tiny bronchioles that carry air into your alveoli for gas
exchange).
The Path of Air
Please label the parts of your respiratory system on your
handout. Can you describe the path that air takes as it enters
and leaves your body?
Check Your Answers Here.
How You Breathe 1: The Diaphragm
How You Breathe 2: The Alveoli
The Respiratory and Circulatory
Systems: Working Together.
Working together
the respiratory
and circulatory
systems form the
cardio-pulmonary
system, which is
an integral
connection
between the
heart and lungs.
The Cardio-Pulmonary System
Respiratory Disease: Pneumonia
Pneumonia is an inflammation or infection of the
lungs most commonly caused by a bacteria or virus.
Pneumonia can also be caused by inhaling vomit or
other foreign substances.
Web Sources and Resources
www.medimagery.com/Respiration/ lungs.html
Respiratory Disease: Lung Cancer
The cancerous lung (right) shows how much damage
smoking can do over time to your respiratory system.
X-Rays can help detect cancer, and surgery and
radiation are some treatments for the disease.
Web Sources and Resources
www.smm.org/heart/lessons/ lesson11.htm
Please Take Care of Your
Lungs and Don’t Smoke
Web Sources and Resources:
Usborne Science Encyclopedia pgs. and Quicklink Images
DR. I.I.L. MCSNEER Presents…
Your Integumentary System
(It’s Your Skin!)
Your skin ….
• Covers your body
• Prevents water loss
• Protects the body from
injury and infection
• eliminates wastes
Your skin ….
• gathers information
about the environment
• produces vitamin D
• Helps regulate body
temperature
The skin is organized into
two main layers, the
epidermis and the
dermis.
Can You Name the Parts of Your Skin?
Skin Anatomy
DR. I.I.L. MCSNEER Presents…
Your Immune System
Your Immune System
Your Immune system
protects you from
foreign invaders.
Special cells react to
each kind of pathogen
with a defense
targeted specifically at
that pathogen.
http://www.nobel.se/medicine/laureates/1996/illpres/introduction.html
Your Immune System Has Many
Specialized Cells!
White blood cells that
target specific
pathogens are called
lymphocytes. There are
two major kinds of
lymphocytes—T cells
and B cells.
T cells identify
pathogens.
B cells produce
chemicals called
antibodies.
How Your Immune System Works
Our immune system protects us against threats.
These include viruses, bacteria and parasites causing
infectious diseases, from ordinary flu to full-blown
malaria. The white blood cells of the defense system
are produced in the marrow of our bones. The cells
are carried in the blood to specialized organs, where
they develop and communicate to launch immune
responses against infections.
•http://www.nobel.se/medicine/laureates/1996/illpres/introduction.html
DR. I.I.L. MCSNEER Presents…
Your Lymphatic System
The Functions of Your
Lymphatic System
Your lymphatic system and the
cardiovascular system are closely
related systems that are joined by
a capillary system. The lymphatic
system is important to the body's
defense mechanisms. It filters out
organisms that cause disease,
produces certain white blood cells
and makes antibodies. It is also
important for the distribution of
fluids and nutrients in the body,
because it drains excess fluids
and protein so that tissues do not
swell up.
DR. I.I.L. MCSNEER Presents…
Your Muscular System
Types of Muscles
Your body has three types of muscle
tissue—skeletal muscle, smooth muscle,
and cardiac muscle.
Skeletal Muscle
Skeletal muscles
are attached to the
bones of your
skeleton. A tendon
is a strong
connective tissue
that attaches
muscle to bone.
Note: ligaments
connect bones
together.
Smooth Muscle
Smooth muscles
are called
involuntary
muscles because
they work
automatically.
Cardiac Muscle
Cardiac muscles are involuntary muscles
found only in the heart. Cardiac muscles
do not get tired.
A Cardiac Muscle Cell
Voluntary Muscles
The muscles that
you directly
control are called
voluntary
muscles. Smiling
and turning the
pages in a book
are actions of
voluntary
muscles
Involuntary Muscle Action
The muscles that are not under your
conscious control are called involuntary
muscles. Your colon (left) is lined with
smooth muscle, and your heart (right) is
comprised of cardiac muscle which works
automatically pumping blood around your
body.
How Do Muscles Work?
Muscles work by contracting, or becoming shorter and
thicker. Because muscle cells can only contract, not extend,
skeletal muscles must work in pairs. While one muscle
contracts, the other muscle in the pair returns to its normal
length.
For example, in order to move the lower arm, the biceps
muscle contracts to bend the elbow. To straighten the
elbow, the triceps muscle contracts while the biceps returns
to normal.
Anatomy Of A Muscle
Can You Name the Major Muscles of your
Body. Try It!
Some More Muscles
Some Major Voluntary Muscles
Some Really Big Muscles!
DR. I.I.L. MCSNEER Presents…
Your Skeletal System
Your Skeleton’s Functions
Your skeleton has five
major functions
–provides shape and
support
–enables you to move
–protects your internal
organs
–produces blood cells
–stores certain materials
until your body needs them
The Structure of Bone
A thin, tough membrane covers all of a bone except the
ends. Blood vessels and nerves enter and leave the bone
through the membrane. Beneath the membrane is a
layer of compact bone, which is hard and dense, but
not solid. Small canals run through the compact bone,
carrying blood vessels and nerves from the bone’s
surface to the living cells within the bone. Just inside the
compact bone is a layer of spongy bone, which has
many small spaces within it.
Bone Anatomy
Bone cells are called osteocytes
Cartilage
Cartilage provides a
smooth surface between
bones or sometimes a
more flexible extension
of bone, as in the tip of
your nose. As an infant,
much of your skeleton
was cartilage. By the
time you stop growing,
most of the cartilage
will have been replaced
with hard bone tissue.
Joints
A joint is a place in the body
where two bones come
together. Joints allow bones to
move in different ways.
Immovable joints connect
bones in a way that allows little
or no movement. Movable
joints allow the body to make a
wide range of movements.
Movable joints include balland- socket joints, pivot joints,
hinge joints, and gliding joints.
The bones in movable joints are
held together by a strong
connective tissue called a
ligament.
Take Care of Your Bones!
A combination of a
balanced diet and
regular exercise can
start you on the way
to a lifetime of
healthy bones.
Do You Know Your Bones?
Fill in the blanks on the next slide or on your
handout, and check the following slide for
the answers.
Label the missing
Bones
How Did You
Do?
Osteoporosis
Osteoporosis is a
disease in which
bones become
fragile and more
likely to break. A
healthy diet rich in
Calcium can help
prevent
osteoporosis.
DR. I.I.L. MCSNEER Presents…
Your Circulatory System
Your Circulatory System is Responsible for Delivering
and Removing Materials from Every Cell in Your Body
Web Sources and Resources
Usborne Human Body: Quicklinks
Blood
Blood is the fluid of life,
transporting oxygen from the lungs
to body tissue and carbon dioxide
from body tissue to the lungs.
Because it contains living cells,
blood is alive. Red blood cells and
white blood cells are responsible for
nourishing, cleansing, and
protecting the body.
About half of blood is plasma, a
straw-colored clear liquid. The liquid
plasma carries the solid cells and
the platelets which help blood clot.
Without blood platelets, you would
bleed to death.
Can You Name The Major Parts of Your
Heart and Trace Its Blood Flow? Try It.
Now Check To See How You Did.
Heart Dissections
Your Heart is a Very Muscular Organ!
Amazing Heart
Facts
• Put your hand on your heart. Did you place your hand on
the left side of your chest? Many people do, but the
heart is actually located almost in the center of the
chest, between the lungs. It's tipped slightly so that a
part of it sticks out and taps against the left side of the
chest, which is what makes it seem as though it is
located there.
Amazing Heart
Facts
•
Hold out your hand and
make a fist. If you're a kid,
your heart is about the
same size as your fist, and
if you're an adult, it's about
the same size as two fists.
Amazing Heart Facts
Your heart beats about 100,000 times in one
day and about 35 million times in a year.
During an average lifetime, the human
heart will beat more than 2.5 billion times.
The aorta, the largest artery in
the body, is almost the
diameter of a garden hose.
Capillaries are the smallest
blood vessels. They are so
small that it takes ten of them to
equal the thickness of a human
hair.
It’s on to the Nervous System
DR. I.I.L. MCSNEER Presents…
Your Nervous System
Your nervous system receives information about
what is happening both inside and outside your
body. It also directs the way in which your body
responds to this information. In addition, the
nervous system helps maintain homeostasis.
Your Nervous System
Your nervous
system consists of
the central and
peripheral
systems. The
central nervous
system (CNS),
includes the brain
and spinal cord;
the peripheral
system includes
the nerves to the
rest of the body.
What Is Homeostasis?
Homeostasis refers to the maintenance
of the internal environment within
tolerable limits.
Factors that affect homeostasis in our
body include
• Temperature
• Salinity (salt content)
• Acidity
• Concentrations of nutrients and wastes
Homeostasis in the Human Body
When a change occurs in the body, there are two
general ways that the body can respond:
1. negative feedback--the body responds in a
way that reverses the change. Because this
tends to keep things constant, it allows us to
maintain homeostasis.
2. positive feedback--the response is to change
the variable even more in the same direction.
This causes instability, so it does not result in
homeostasis.
Negative Feedback
To illustrate negative feedback,
we can use the example of a
driver trying to stay near the
speed limit. The speed goal
is 55 mph. The control center
monitors the speed change
and compares it with the goal
speed goal. Here, the control
center is the driver. If the
speed changes from the
speed goal, the control
center (driver) will reverse
the change.
Negative Feedback in your body
• The body temperature
goal is 98.6 degrees.
• for body temperature,
the control center is the
brain.
• To control body
temperature, the brain
sends messages to
glands to produce
sweat and to muscles
that shiver.
Neurons
The cells that carry
information through your
nervous system are called
neurons. A neuron has a
large cell body that
contains the nucleus. The
cell body has threadlike
extensions. One kind of
extension, a dendrite,
carries impulses toward
the cell body. An axon
carries impulses away
from the cell body.
The Anatomy of a Neuron
A NEURON viewed under a electron
microscope. Can you locate the cell
body, axon, and dendrites?
Central & Peripheral Nervous
Systems Working Together
The yellow
parts are CNS
parts and the
purple are
parts of your
peripheral
nervous
system.
Your Brain- The Command Center
The human brain
is a complex
organ that allows
us to think, move,
feel, see, hear,
taste, and smell.
It controls our
body, receives
information,
analyzes
information, and
stores
information (our
memories).
Most nerve signals are interpreted by
your brain and motor nerves then carry
out your instructions.
The Stroop Effect- Your
Brain Can Get Confused!
TRY IT!- The famous "Stroop Effect" is named after
J. Ridley Stroop who discovered this strange
phenomenon in the 1930s. Here is your job: name
the colors of the following words. Do NOT read the
words...rather, say the color of the words. For
example, for the word BLUE, you should say "RED".
Say the colors as fast as you can. It is not as easy as
you might think!
Major Brain Sections
cerebrum
cerebellum
brain stem
Your Brain Has Very
Complicated Anatomy All
Its Own!
Ouch! In the movie MATRIX, Neo and
the others are plugged into the matrix
through their CNS !
(Central Nervous System)
Your Senses Are Your Nervous System’s
Bridge to the Outside World
Sight, Taste, Touch, Hearing, Smell
Web Sources and Resources: Usborne Science Encyclopedia pgs. 370-375 and Quicklink Images
Quick Quiz
How well do you
know your own
nervous system?
Fill in the blanks
on the slides that
follow. Then go
back and check
your work if
needed.
Which Way Does The Impulse Travel?
DR. I.I.L. MCSNEER Presents…
Your Endocrine System
The endocrine system is a
collection of special organs in
the body that produce
hormones. These organs are
usually called the "glands."
They are located in different
parts of the body. For
example, the pituitary is in
the brain, the thyroid is in the
neck, the adrenal glands are
just alone the kidneys and the
sexual glands (ovaries and
testes) are located in the
sexual organs. Each gland
produces a hormone into the
blood, which travels all
through the body. Hormones
regulate our body activities,
for example growth, sleep,
sudden actions, feelings and
blood sugar for energy.
DR. I.I.L. MCSNEER Presents…
Your Excretory System
Your excretory system collects wastes
produced by cells and removes these
wastes from your body. The removal
process is known as excretion.
The Kidneys
The two kidneys are the major organs of the excretory
system. The kidneys filter your blood and remove urea,
excess water, and some other waste materials from your
blood. Urea is a chemical that comes from the
breakdown of proteins. The filtering process produces a
watery fluid called urine.
Your Excretory System
Kidney Stones
Kidney stones are
created when certain
substances in urine -including calcium and
uric acid -- crystallize
and the crystals clump
together. Usually, they form
in the center of the kidney,
where urine collects before
flowing into the ureter, the
tube that leads to the bladder.
Small stones are able to pass
out of the body in the urine
and often go completely
unnoticed. But larger stones
irritate and stretch the ureter
as they move toward the
bladder, causing excruciating
pain and blocking the flow of
urine.
DR. I.I.L. MCSNEER Presents…
Your Reproductive System
The Female Reproductive
System
The role of the
female
reproductive
system is to
produce eggs,
and if an egg is
fertilized, to
nourish a
developing baby
until birth.
The Menstrual Cycle
During the menstrual
cycle, an egg develops
in an ovary. At the same
time, the uterus
prepares for the arrival
of the fertilized egg.
Once the egg is
released, it can be
fertilized for the next
few days if sperm are
present in the oviduct.
If the egg is not
fertilized, it begins to
break down, and it
passes out of the vagina
along with some tissue
from the lining of the
uterus in a process
called menstruation.
Can you name the parts of the female reproductive
system? Check your answers on the following page.
The Female Reproductive System
The Male Reproductive System
Produces sperm- tiny gametes containing
chromosomes that can swim to fertilize the egg, and
the hormone testosterone, which controls the
development of the male’s physical characteristics.
Can you name the parts of the male reproductive
system? Check your answers on the following page.
The Male Reproductive System
Fertilization
Takes place when sperm & egg merge.
Thank You For Visiting Human Body
Systems by DR. I.I.L. MCSNEER!