Zoology
An Introduction
Zoology
• Study of animals
• In this class- Important KingdomsProtista- some animallike organisms
considered to be evol. precursors
to animals
ANIMALIA- are ANIMALS
• Latin “zoa” or “zoo”- means animal
Kingdom Protista
• Single celled
• Eukaryotic
• Ingest or produce
food
• Some animallike
What is an Animal?
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Are members of Kingdom Animalia
Are multicellular
Are Eukaryotic
Are Heterotrophs
Lack cell walls
• Usually have a method of
movement
• Most reproduce sexually
• Require oxygen
What is an Animal?
• Multicellular: Having more than one cell
• Eukaryotic: Organisms whose cell
contain a nucleus
• Heterotroph: Organisms that obtains
energy from the foods it consumes; also
called a consumer.
Important Latin roots
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Cyte= cell
taxon=unit
Zoa or zoo= animal
omy= lar/rules
Demo= people
nomen=name
Epi=on or on top
clature=system
Coel=cavity
pori=pore
Oid=like
fera= to have or bear
Ation= to form
cephala=head
Homologous= similar in origin
2 Types of Animals
• Invertebrates: Animals that do not
have a backbone or a vertebral column
•
Vertebrates:
Animals that has a
vertebral column, or backbone
What Animals Do to Survive
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6.
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Animals carry out the following essential functions:
Feed
Respire
Circulation
Excrete
Respond
Move
Reproduce
Essential Functions
1. Feeding: Animals feed in a large variety
of ways.
– Carnivore: Eats meat ONLY
– Herbivore: Eats plants ONLY
– Omnivore: Eats meat & plants
– Detritivore: Feeds on plant and animal remains
and other dead matter called detritus
(Includes poop).
Essential Functions:
Feeding Continued
•
Some animals form symbiotic relationships.
Symbiosis: Is the relationship in which
two species live closely together
a. Mutualism
b. Commensalism
c. Parasitism
Essential Functions:
Feeding Continued
a. Mutualism: Symbiotic relationship in
which both species benefit from the relationship.
Essential Functions:
Feeding Continued
b. Commensalism: Symbiotic
relationship in which one member of the
association benefits and the other is neither
helped nor harmed.
Barnacles on a
Whale
Essential Functions:
Feeding Continued
c. Parasitism: Symbiotic relationship
in which one organism lives in or on
another organism and harms it.
Essential Functions
2. Respiration: Whether they live in water or
on land, all animals respire, which means they
take in oxygen and give off carbon dioxide.
– Some can rely on diffusion of these
substances through their skin
– Most have evolved complex tissues and
organ systems for respiration
Essential Functions
3. Circulation: Many aquatic animals
(ex: aquatic worms) rely solely on
diffusion to transport oxygen & waste.
• Larger animals have some kind of
circulatory system to move materials
around within their bodies.
Essential Functions
4. Excretion: A primary waste produce of
cellular metabolism is ammonia, a poisonous
substance that contains nitrogen.
– A buildup of ammonia & other wastes would
kill an animal
– Animals have excretory system that either
eliminates ammonia quickly or converts it
into a less toxic substance that is removed
from the body.
Essential Functions
5. Response: Animals respond to events
in their environment using specialized
cells called nerve cells.
– Nerve cells hook up together to form a
nervous system
– Some nerve cells are receptors that
respond to sound, light, and other stimuli
– The arrangement of nerve cells in the body
changes dramatically from phylum to
phylum
Essential Functions
6. Movement: Some live their entire
lives attached to a single spot.
– Most are motile meaning that they move
Essential
Functions
7. Reproduction: Most reproduce
sexually by producing gametes.
– Maintains genetic diversity in populations
– Helps species evolve when the
environment changes
– Many reproduce asexually & allows to
increase numbers rapidly (inverts.)
Describe the Body Plans of Animals
1. Symmetry: balance in body proportions
3 Types
AsymmetricalIrregular shape
Bilateral: can be divided
only one way to produce
mirror image halves
Radial symmetry: can be divided
along any plane to produce 2
halves which look alike
Symmetry
Asymmetrical: Has no definite shape.
Symmetry
Radial Symmetry: Body is arranged in
a circle like the spokes of a wheel.
Symmetry
Bilateral Symmetry: If divided lengthwise
in half, both sides will match.
Bilateral Symmetry
• Includes worms, insects & vertebrates
• Have external body parts that repeat on
either side of the body
What type of symmetry?
Bilateral Symmetry
• Anterior End = Front End
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Posterior End = Back End
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Dorsal Side = Upper Side
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Ventral Side = Lower Side
2. Body arrangements:
a. anterior: head region(front on upright man)
b. posterior: tail region (back on upright man)
c. dorsal: back or top
d. ventral: abdomen(belly) or bottom
Anatomical Terms (cont)
• Medial
- close to the middle
• Lateral
– Close to the side or
movement away from
middle
• Distal
– Away from the main part
• Proximal
– Close to the main part
Anatomical Terms (cont)
• Oral
– End with the mouth
• Aboral
– Opposite end of the mouth
• Cephalic
– Toward head
• Caudal
– Toward tail
3. Body Development
• As embryo develops, three germ
layers form:
a. Ectoderm
• becomes nervous system, epidermis of the skin, pituitary,
lens of eye
b. Mesoderm
• becomes muscles, skeleton, notochord, circulatory
system, kidney, reproductive system
c.
Endoderm
• becomes lining of digestive tract, liver, pancreas, epithelial
lining of lungs, many endocrine glands
4. Body Cavities
a. Acoelomatesno body cavity
lined with
mesoderm
• EX: sponges,
cnidarians, &
flatworms
b. Pseudocoelomatespartial body cavity
lined with mesoderm
• “Tube within a tube”
body plan
• EX: roundworms
c. Coelomatestrue body
cavity lined
with
mesoderm
• EX: all other
animals
Advantages of a body
cavity (coelom or
pseudocoelom):
• Fluid in cavity helps distribute food, wastes,
hormones, etc. from one end of animal to the
other
• Better distribution allows animal to grow larger
• A place to put things, like new organs
5.
Cephalization-concentration of sense
organs- developed nervous system
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THE ANIMAL KINGDOM OVERVIEW
• Invertebrates-no backbone
• Vertebrates or Chordates-backbone
Invertebrate Cladogram
Section 29-1
Echinoderms Chordates
Arthropods
Annelids
Mollusks
Radial
Symmetry
Roundworms
Flatworms
Pseudocoelom
Cnidarians
Radial
Symmetry
Protostome Development
Three Germ Layers;
Bilateral Symmetry
Sponges
Tissues
Multicellularity
Single-celled
ancestor
Deuterostome
Development
Coelom
Protostomes vs. Deuterostomes
• Zygote cleaves to become blastula and then
forms gastrula. The blastopore of the gastrula
can become either the mouth or the anus of the
organism
• Protostome- Blastopore becomes the mouth.
Ex-Annelids, Mollusks and arthropods
• Deuterostome- Blastopore becomes anus. ExChordates
Embryonic Development
• Protostome
– Blastopore becomes mouth
• Deuterostome
– Blastopore becomes anus
40
The End