 What is the major function of the muscles?
 Movement – walking, running, etc.
 Digest Food
 Pumps blood throughout your body
 Provide stability
 Movement of substances (ie: urine)
 Help control body temperature
 Provide movement
 Help maintain posture
 Protect internal organs
 Produce heat and energy for the body
Muscle Types
 Voluntary - muscles can be contracted at will
 Skeletal – helps us get through our environment safely and
successfully (voluntary movement)
 Involuntary - muscles govern movement that is not
controlled by will, such as respiration and digestion.
 Cardiac – responsible for pumping blood through little
tubes known as blood vessels (involuntary movement)
 Smooth – responsible for filling and emptying blood
vessels and all hollow organs, plus they control the
movement of air through the bronchi tubes. (involuntary
movement)
 Muscles
 Ligaments
 Tendons
 a sac lined with a synovial membrane
that helps the movement of joints
 Tendons – anchor muscles to bone
 Bursas – lie between some tendons and the
bones beneath them. Bursas are lined with
synovial fluid – making it easier for the
tendon to slide over a bone when the tendon
shortens
 Ligaments – binds bone to bone, to limit
motion
 What would the term be for inflammation
of the bursa?
 What would the term be for inflammation
of a tendon?
 Keep in mind that voluntary movement
requires three main systems
 Skeletal
 Muscular
 Nervous
 Rule #1
 Muscles must have at least 2 attachments
 Muscles must cross at least one joint
 Rule #2
 To produce movement, muscles ALWAYS pull
and get shorter.
 Which attachment is moving to the other? Is
the proximal attachment moving to the distal
or is the distal moving to the proximal?
 The attachment that remains in its
“original” position is known as the ORIGIN.
This attachment anchors the muscle!
 The distal attachment (the one that is
moving – or pulling) is the INSERTION.
 Muscle cell = Muscle fiber
 Can one muscle fiber be strong enough to pull on the
wrist and bring it up?
 Fascicle - “TEAM Fascicle”
 Muscle fibers with buddies
 Can generate more pull
 Connective Tissue – Fascicle needs connective tissue
support so that is can work together more efficiently
 Perimysium – Peri = ?
 Find:
 The two attachments of the fascicle
 Notice that the muscle cells are ALWAYS pointing to the
attachments
 Notice how you can still see the muscle fibers through
the Connective Tissue (CT)
 Rule #3
 Muscles fibers or “striations” ALWAYS
POINT to their attachments and show the
direction of pull.
 Even though one fascicle can pull on the
attachment, one “team fascicle” cannot
produce a tremendous amount of force.
There needs to be many teams working
together to get force and power to maintain
stability in joints and forceful movements.
 Epimysium – connective tissue that hold a
bunch of fascicles together
Tendon
Dense
Regular CT
Belly
Epimysium – epi = ?, myo = ?
Sometimes also called Fascia = Epimysium
Fascicle – covered by
Perimysium
Tendon
Dense
Regular CT
Belly
Muscle Fiber
covered by Endomysium
Endo = ?
 Rule #1
 Muscles must have at least two attachments
cross at least one joint.
 Rule #2
 Muscles can only “pull” and get shorter.
 Rule #3
 Muscles fibers or “striations” ALWAYS POINT to
their attachments and show the direction of
pull.
 Ventral
 Ventral Side of the Forearm
 When a muscle moves ventral to ventral it is a
FLEXOR! (The angle between the ventral sides is
decreased)
 Because muscles can only pull, how can you
get your wrist back from flexion?
 Show me where would you place your left
hand muscles to do this?
 Dorsal
 Muscles that move the dorsal side towards the
dorsal side are know as EXTENSORS!
Skeletal muscles
work in pairs to
produce
movement.
 “V” is for Ventral (peace sign on chest)
 Ventral side will be lighter then the Dorsal side
 This is the theme throughout the animal kingdom.
 When you give a peace sign, the “V” represents
ventral, b/c you present the ventral side of your arm.
 Reach and touch the back of your neck. This is the
Dorsal side. (sharks have a dorsal fin)
 The back of your torso and arms are the Dorsal
side (darker side).
 What about the legs?
 The Ventral/Dorsal relationship is about
movement and not based on the standard
Anatomical Position – the legs are special.
.
 Frog Position
 Stand up and turn your knees and toes outward
 Place your hands on the inside of your legs, now
become a biped by rotating your knees and toes
inward.
 Your hands rotate towards the back . . . So the
VENTRAL SIDE ROTATES BACK WHEN YOU
BECOME A BIPED.
 Frog Position (become the frog again)
 Stand up and turn your knees and toes outward
 Place your hands on the outside of your legs,
rotate your legs back in and notice how your
hands rotate to the front.
 This is the Dorsal side rotating to the front . . .
So the DORSAL SIDE ROTATES FORWARD
WHEN YOU BECOME A BIPED.
 Summary
 The Ventral side rotates to the back at the hips
and the dorsal side is rotated to the front.
 Place your right hand on your chest and your left
hand on the back of your left leg.
 These areas are the VENTRAL side of the body!
 Ventral side has FLEXORS only.
 Dorsal side is where EXTENSORS are located!
 Fetal position is FLEXION! (Flexion is the
ventral side of the body.)
 Arms are
positioned to have
the thumbs
outward (pointing
lateral/outward)
 Anterior (the
front of the body)
& Posterior (back
of the body)
 Ventral & Dorsal
 The Sternum
 Anterior side in
anatomical
position
 Ventral side of
the body also
 These are all
flexors
 The Legs (Front of
the Thigh)
 Anterior side in
anatomical
position
 Dorsal side of the
body also
 These muscles
are extensors
 Anterior is not the
same thing as
Ventral
 One set of terms is
based on location
on a still (nonmoving figure)
 One set of terms is
based on
movement
 Place your hand in
the middle of your
back.
 Using the
anatomical
position, what
side of the body is
this?
 Place your hand in
the middle of your
back.
 Using the
anatomical
position, what
side of the body is
this?
 Posterior
 What side of the
body is this using
movement?
 What side of the
body is this using
movement?
 Dorsal, and these
are extensors
 Place your hand
on the back of
your thigh.
 Using the
anatomical
position, what
side of the body is
this?
 Place your hand
on the back of
your thigh.
 Using the
anatomical
position, what
side of the body is
this?
 Posterior
 Keep your hand
on the back of
your thigh and
flex your knee.
 Based on
movement, what
side of the body is
this?
 Keep your hand
on the back of
your thigh and
flex your knee.
 Based on
movement, what
side of the body is
this?
 Ventral, and these
are flexors
 Hip Flexion – dorsal side of the leg, up to the
ventral torso
 Hip Extension – ventral side of the leg, up to the
dorsal side of the torso
 Dorsiflexion (dorsiextension) – dorsal side of
the foot up to the dorsal side of the lower leg
 Plantar Flexion – plantar side of the foot flexes
to the ventral side of the lower leg
 If a muscle can flex (ventral location) a
joint, then there is an opposite muscle on
the other side that extends the joint (dorsal
location).
 If there is a muscle that rotates a joint one
way, then there has to be a muscle on the
opposite side that will rotate the muscle
back (ie: supinator rotates the palm up and
pronator rotates the palm down)
 What does the name tell us?
 If the name of a bone or regional area of the
body is used in the first part of the muscles
name or is the muscle’s name, THAT IS THE
MUSCLE’S ORIGIN!
 Example:
 Sternocleidomastoid
 STERNO = sternum and the CLEIDO = clavicle (origins)
 MASTOID = ma mstoid process of the temporal bone
(insertion)
 This muscle gives its attachments.
 Sometimes muscles are named after their
job.
 Flexor Pollicus Longus tells that the muscle flexes the
thumb (it is on the ventral side of the body and it is a
flexor)
 Sometimes muscles are named by their shape or
location in the body.
 Rhomboid muscles are rhomboid (oblique
parallelogram) shape and Tibialis Anterior tells us that
the muscle is located on the front of the tibia.
.
Smooth
Muscles are involuntary muscles.
___________________
Muscles that act on the lining
of the body’s passageways and
the hollow internal organs
Cardiac
Muscle is involuntary and is responsible
______________________
for the contraction of your heart. Your heart
beats 100,000 times each day.
A type of striated
muscle that forms the
wall of the heart .
Most of your muscle tissue is skeletal, and
almost all _________________
are under
muscles
voluntary control.
Muscles attached to bone
that cause body movements
Get regular exercise.
Eat high protein foods to build muscle.
Practice good posture to strengthen back muscles.
Use proper equipment and wear appropriate clothing to protect
muscles during any physical activity.
Warm up properly and stretch before exercising, and cool down after
exercising to prevent injury.