Russia
By Allison C. ;-)
Section 1
The New Russia Emerges
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1970s, clothing could not be
manufactured.
Manufacturing had to have gov’t
approval.
Many apartments had no closets or
clothes.
Trying to Save Communism
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Bureaucracy was used to manage the economy.
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“Glasnost” led to demands for independence from
the non-Russian republics.
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Soviet economy blocked products such as cars and
refrigerators = shortage of goods.
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In 1990, Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia declared
independence from the S. U.
Gorbachev launched a policy called “perestroika” to
make the economy more efficient.
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In 1991, after 74 years, the S.U. ended.
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15 republics were then created, the largest was The
Russian Federation, Russia.
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Local mangers could decide what and how much to
produce instead of government officials.
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Gorbachev also launched the policy of “glasnost”
which encouraged people to criticize inefficient
ways.
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The reforms did not work and the economy
worsened.
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Soviet economy almost collapsed in the 1980s and
factories were closed and workers laid off.
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Many were unemployed and food was scarce.
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Soon the people believed that the end of
communism would bring economic security and
The Newly Independent Republics
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The new republics wanted to
establish free-market economies
and democratic governments.
Some governments sold factories,
land, and state-owned properties
to individuals or groups.
Many factories were closed and
unemployment shot up and
production lessened.
Few goods = high prices and
many could not afford high priced
goods.
Also ethnic issues rose with
Christian Armenia and Muslim
Azerbaijan.
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Big nations such as Russia,
Ukraine, and Kazakhstan had
valuable resources.
Latvia and Estonia had few
resources.
Struggles in Russia
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In 1991, Boris Yeltsin was chosen President
of Russia, the first democratic-elected
leader, and tried to overthrow Gorbachew.
Ethnic diversity was still a problem between
Muslims.
Yeltsin did not reverse economic damage
and battled the parliament over the
economic policy.
In 1998, financial hardships worsened,
bringing the currency value to lower, and
citizens savings disappear.
Vladimir Zhirinovsky, blamed the economic
problems on communism, non-Russian
ethnic groups, and the West.
Russians were frightened by him, he
worship Hitler’s acts and threaten to take
Alaska back from the U.S., drop a nuclear
bomb on Japan, and flood Germany with
radioactive waste, which all lead to his drop
in popularity.
Yeltsin retired in 1999.
The power was passed to Vladimir Putin,
who was popular and did not use strongarmed methods.
Took control over Duma.
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Putin backed new economic reforms.
Limited bureaucratic obstacles to business
and reduce corruption.
2000s economy improving, due to oil boom.
Putin’s reforms lead to market economy.
Income comes from exporting natural
resources (gas, oil, timber).
Banking was created.
Facing the Future
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Population fell from 1992-2002.
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Death increased (poverty, alcoholism, drug
abuse, AIDS, and other disease)
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Fewer children were born due to hard times.
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Economy could not grow if fewer people
were in the workforce.
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Since 1994 wars were fought in Chechnya.
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Muslims sought independence from
republic.
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Russian government feared other rebellion
groups would demand their own republics.
Over 100,00 dead from fighting.
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Section 2
Russia Foreign Policy
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Russia was a global
power.
• It was engaged in the
Cold War.
• The Cold War stimulated
violence in Vietnam,
Southeast Asia, Cuba,
and Caribbean.
The Expanding Soviet Union
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1917, Lenin, Bolshevik call for revolution against
capitalism.
1919- Bolsheviks sets up Communist International,
created control Communist parties in other lands.
1939 Nazi-Soviet pact freighted West, turned
against S.U.
1941, Germany invaded S.U., and west recognized
Stalin as ally against Hitler, the invasion caused
death and destruction.
After war, Stalin wanted more European land, broke
agreement with allies, after war people of East Euro
would have control over gov’t elections.
Stalin said no election.
Took over Poland, Hungary, Romania – 1947.
Local Communist took orders for Stalin.
Marshal Tito of Yugoslavia would not accept
communist rulings = enemy.
Eastern Europe control reason of Cold War, along
with the future of Germany.
Soviets wanted Germany weak to pay reparations
for having started the war.
To prevent this, Stalin created a blockade of Berlin.
Also started nuclear weapon development, and
created a powerful military.
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Stalin used Eastern Europe to rebuild the S.U.
They forced them to sell resources to the S.U. at
low prices
Took control over factories, machinery.
1955- Warsaw Pact was created.
It was the S.U. and Eastern Europe countries, its
purpose was to make alliance with the west.
Crushed reforms in EE.
The Soviet Union and the United States
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U.S. and S.U. competed in science,
technology, education, athletics, and military
strengths.
Thought communism was superior to
capitalism.
Created Sputnik I, the first space satellite.
Invested lots of $ in large armed forces and
produced weapons of mass destruction.
Tensions rose during the Cuba missile
conflict, when they were removed, crisis
receded.
Tension rose when S.U. suppressed Eastern
Europe democracy movements.
1956- Soviets killed thousands during a
Hungarian revolt.
1979- tension rose when Soviets invaded
Afghanistan to back communist gov’t.
For a year they fought Afghan rebels who
were supplied with forces from the U.S. and
then backed out and withdrew communist
plans.
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During the 70s and 80s spent lots of $ on
nuclear weapons.
They had a bad economy.
1980s- Mikhail Gorbachev was forced to
make relations with the west.
Hoped to reduce Soviet spending.
1987- signed agreement to eliminate some
missiles based in Europe, Gorbachev
withdrew Soviet troops from Afghanistan and
Eastern Europe.
The Soviet Union and the Developing World
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1949- Chinese Communists won
power with help of S.U.
Then they relied on economic and
technical aid.
2 nations became rivals for leadership
in the developing world.
Backed plans of communist North
Korea, North Vietnam, and plans to
take over South Korea, and Vietnam.
Cuba was west outpost = military and
economic aid.
Castro modernized Cuba with schools
and hospitals.
1980s S.U. aided the left-wing
Sandinista gov’t in Nicaragua.
Russia and the World Today
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15 republics after the fall of the S.U.
Russia-largest and most powerful.
Inherited S.U. membership in the UN and place on
UN Security Council.
Also controlled most of S.U. military and industrial
resources.
Stockpile of nuclear weapons worries other
countries.
Weapons in Ukraine, Kazakhstan, and Uzbekistan.
Russia fears that the countries will sell these
weapons for money.
U.S. has negotiated agreements with all four
republics, which provides technical, finical aid to
help dismantle weapons.
U.S. has tried to buy them.
West fears that S.U. underpaid sciencetists will sell
nuclear information to terrorist groups.
U.S. funded research centers.
Putin wants to restore Russia as a great power.
Renewed ties with China and ended disputes.
He also worked to tighten ties with West.
Closed Cuban and Vietnam bases.
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2002, US and SU signed nuclear arms arsenal
reduction.
Established joint council with NATO.
2001 supported global antiterrorism campaign.
Stopped spread of nuclear arms.
Cooperate with US.
The Smaller Republics
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Tried to build ties with industrial nations with
strong economies.
Latvia and Estonia asked to be admitted into
European Union.
Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, and Turkmenistan
border Caspian Sea = oil, natural gas
reserves.
Caspian pipeline project has run into cost
and route problems.
Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan,
Kyrgyzstan, and Uzbekistan are now located
in Central Asia.
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Kazakhstan- largest and richest.
Tajikistan- poorest.
Receive international aid after collapse of
communism.
Some changed, some have dictators.
Became a focus on was and terrorism.
Most people are Muslim in these republics.
All coping with Islamist movements and
suffered terrorist attacks.
Section 3
Revolution In Eastern Europe
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1993 Czechoslovakia spilt into two
separate nations.
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Eastern Europe revolution swept
across Europe.
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Communist gov’ts changed to
democracy.
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Created opportunities for
economic and political
development.
Soviet Domination of Eastern Europe
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Gov’ts were industrialized and private
enterprises ended.
5 year plans were created, stressing
on industry and military spending at
the expense of consumer housing.
Farms were set up.
EE traded with SU on favored terms to
SU.
Prewar ties with Western Europe was
ended.
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Marshal Josip Tito had his own way of
controlling Yugoslavia.
Led Yugoslavia resistance during
German occupation, then took over
power there.
Did not accept SU authority, was a
communist dictator.
Declared Yugoslavia neutral during
Cold War and refused to sign Warsaw
Pact.
1980 death left Yugoslavia with no
strong leaders.
Upheavals in the Soviet Bloc
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1965- Poland demanded bread and freedom, strikes
and riots broke out.
Khrushchev allowed Wladyslaw Gomulka (Polish
Communist, nationalist feelings) to take over Polish
gov’t.
He quieted the unrest, greater power Poland and
reassured Soviets, that Poland would remain loyal
member of the Warsaw Pact.
Stanislaw Lem, Polish author, disguised his criticism
of the gov’t by the setting in his novel, Star Diaries
on a distant planet.
Students and workers protested in Hungary.
Imre Nagy (liberal communist reformer) brought to
power, 1956, nationalist leader.
Forced Soviet troops to leave Hungary and ended
one-party rule, withdrew Hungary from Warsaw
Pact.
SU sent troops to Hungary, killings thousands.
200,000 fled to the west.
Nagy, arrested and executed.
Felt western powers betrayed their democratic
revolution by failing to come to their aid.
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1960- EE followed foreign policy sent by Leonid
Brezhnev in the SU.
Spring 1968- reformers won control of the
Communist party in Czechoslovakia
Alexander Dubcek lead reform, wanted to blend
democracy with socialism.
Eased rigid central planning, ended censorship, and
limited powers of the secret police.
Period of freedom knows as “Prague Spring”
Prague, Czechoslovakia’s capital.
Czechoslovakia did not back out of Warsaw Pact.
August 1968, SU sent hundreds of thousands of
Warsaw Pact forces to occupy Czechoslovakia.
Reforms ended, communist dictatorship restored.
Poland’s Path to Democracy
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1980, shipyard workers in the port city of
Gdansk formed a trade union called
Solidarity,
Lech Walesa led.
Group won gov’t recognition, 1st
independent trade union in any Soviet bloc
nation.
The group made demands for major political
and economic reforms. (support, People,
Catholic Church)
SU pushed the Polish communist gov’t to
declare martial law.
Polish gov’t outlawed group and arrested its
leaders.
Crackdown created even more support for
the group and undermining authority.
Martial law ended in 1983, the Polish gov’t
failed to improve economic conditions.
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1980s, Gorbachev renounced the Brezhnev
Doctrine, EE free to pursue their own goals.
Polish economy collapsed, gov’t legalized
Solidarity.
1989, Polish gov’t agreed to hold elections.
First free election in 50 years.
Rejected communism.
Solidarity candidate received victory.
Gov’t set out to dismantle socialism and
create a capitalist economy.
Other Victories for Democracy
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Communist dictatorships disappeared.
People demeaned democratic gov’ts committed to
free market economies.
Protest against communism helped reformers win
power across EE, in 1989 and 1990.
Hungarians ousted the communist party and
elected non-communist reformers.
Czech writer Vaclav Havel was elected president of
Czechoslovakia.
1990, Berlin wall fell, both Germany’s reunited.
Romanians overthrew and killed dictator, Nicolae
Ceausecu.
Bulgaria and Albania, removed dict. And held
elections for the future.
EE, communism to capitalism.
Out put fell, unemployment, prices, poverty-rose.
Political parties formed.
People voted for dict. Leaders.
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Czechoslovakia became two nations, Czech
Republic and Slovakia.
Hungarians in Romania and Turks in Bulgaria =
discrimination.
Anti-Semitism became more popular.
2000s, EE progress, built foundations for
democratic societies and made economic gains.
Many nations sought to join European Union.
Standards of living lagged to WE.
EE, sought to join NATO, western military alliance.
1999, Czech Rep, Hungary, Poland, were admitted
to NATO.
Early 2000s, NATO was ready to expand, Latvia,
Lithuania, Estonia, and several other EE nations.
Upheavals in the Balkans
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Bosnia, war raged, Bosnian Serbs fought
Croats and Muslims.
All sides committed atrocities.
Serbs pushed “ethnic cleaning”
Thousands of Bosnian Muslims were killed.
1995- NATO launched air strikes to stop
fighting.
Peace Talks were held.
Peace treaty signed, NATO peacekeeping
troops arrived in Bosnia to monitor.
90% of Kosovo are Albanians, ruled by
Serbs.
Since 1989, Serbian leader, Slobodan
Milosevic has led a campaign to oppress
Muslim Kosovo's.
Many expelled and fled.
They have a campaign for “ethnic cleansing”
NATO used air strikes to stop Serbia from
fighting.
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Serbia had to leave Kosovo.
NATO and Russian peacekeepers restored
oder and help rebuild.
2000, Milosevic was overthrown by midreform Serbs.
Yugoslavia, Serbia, Montenegro all
reorganized, develped common defence and
foreign policiy.
Each have their own economy.
Drop the name Yugoslavia, in favor of
Serbia and Montenegro.
On Trial for War Crimes
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Milosevic was accused of crimes
against humanity and other war
crimes.
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The charges stemmed from atrocities
committed in Bosnia, Croatia, and
Kosovo during the 1990s.
Section 4
Literature and the Arts
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Liteature plays a big role.
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Russians love art and liteature,
admire creative artists.
Russian Literature
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Liteautre emerged during Kievan times, late 900s.
Early writings: religious works.
Many folktales and poems.
Most famous early work, The Song of Prince Igor’s
Campaign. 1190. Poem.
1600s, western influences.
German, French, English writings translated into
Russian.
1800s, enjoyed “golden age of literature”
Poets, novelists, hailed throughout the world.
Writers had censorship.
Alexander Pushkin, most famous poet.
Best work, Eugene Onegin.
He came from a noble family, mother’s side
descended from Ibrahim Hannibal an Ethiopian
prince, served in Peter the Great court.
16, already famous poet.
Gov’t exiled him to a southern province in Russia.
40 died of duel wounds.
Influence on today's writers.
Late 1880s, two major writers emerged, Feodor
Dostoevski and Leo Tolstoy.
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Used realism in their work, Duty to portray life
honestly.
Dostoevski was and arrested and condemned to
death, for belong to a group of radical thinkers.
The czar planned a fake execution to frighten them.
Used good and evil and Christian beliefs.
Soviet Literature
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Great writers: Alexander Blok, captured spirit of
revolution. Vladimir Mayakovsky also caught the
spirit.
1920s Soviet gov’t used literature as propaganda
tolls.
Socialist realism, a movement emerged.
Writer and artists glorified socialism. evils of
capitalism, revolution, hard work)
Stalin-tight control over writers. All authors were
required to join the Union of Soviet Writers, if they
wanted their works published.
Many writers were persecuted, imprisoned or killed.
Khrushchev era, gov’t eased censorship.
Stories were used to tell of harsh conditions in
prison camps and discredit Stalin.
Yevgeny Yevtushenko published works that
criticized Stalin’s gov’t.
He expressed outrage at the anti-Semitism, over
34,000 Ukrainian Jews during WWII were killed.
Took chance by referring not only to German antiSemitism, but to Russian as well.
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Boris Pasternak could not get his novel, Dr. Zhivago
published in to SU and when he won the Nobel
Prize for literature, the SU made him refuse the
award.
Writers who criticized the gov’t turned to samizdat,
a system for publishing works secretly.
Works smuggle out and published.
Soviet writers had more freedom of expression.
The Visual Arts.
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Art and architecture associated with
the church.
Byzantine was an influence, churches
were onion-shaped domes with
mosaics and fresoces, that came from
stories of the Bible.
Russians used vivid colors and painted
icons.
During the Renaissance, they hired
Italian artists and architects to build
and decorate palaces and churches.
Peter the Great used WE to design his
buildings and new capital at St.
Petersburg.
1600s, secular, religious, and WE
styles.
1800s, artist used art to protest
injustices in society.
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Stalin, artists had to strict
requirements.
Painting were of heroic workers
breaking the chains of capitalism or
fearless soldiers carrying the SU flag
into battle.
Artist who refused to observe official
style could not exhibit their work.
They were denied studios, materials,
and contact with friends.
Sometimes they were put in mental
institutions.
Performing Arts
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Music was in its golden age in the
1800s.
Composers combined folk, religious,
and western traditions to create
masterpieces.
Peter Ilich Tchaikovsky wrote music
for: Swan Lake, Nutcracker.
Best cellist, Mstislav, best pianist,
Sviatoslav Richter, and violinist, David
Oistrakh.
Russia and the SU loved the world of
dance.
Ballet was popular in St. Petersburg.
Late 1800s – popular.
Bolshoi, Kirov famous ballet
companies.
60,70s dancers fled to the west.