 April
12, 1861 – South Carolina
 Lincoln sent supplies to U.S. soldiers in
the fort
 Confederates open fire on fort from the
harbor
 No one was hurt but it signaled the start
of the Civil War
 One result - VA, AK, NC, TN join
Confederacy
Rating the North & the
South
Railroad Lines, 1860
Resources: North & the
South
 Both
were largely unprepared for war
 Both thought they were superior and
would win the war quickly and easily
 Both thought the other side was
responsible for the breakup of the U.S.
 Southerners
enlist eagerly because
• Southern honor & local acclaim – grand farewell
ceremonies
• Felt they were fighting tyranny – like Revolution
• Thought it would be a short, exciting adventure
 Slave
states that stayed in the Union
• Kentucky
• Missouri
• Delaware
• Maryland
Overview
of
Civil War
Strategy:
“Anaconda”
Plan
Strategies
 North
– Anaconda Plan – Blockade the
coast to prevent ships going in or out of
the South & gain control of the
Mississippi River
 South
– Similar to Patriots in the
Revolution – defensive battles, fight on
land you know, guerilla warfare
st
(1
Battle of Bull Run
Manassas)
July, 1861
 AKA: First
Manassas
 July 1861 – just outside of Washington,
D.C.
 Festive atmosphere among Northerners
 Southern victory – North sent running
Presidents
Confederate President – Jefferson Davis
Confederate Capital – Montgomery, AL
until May, 1861 then Richmond, VA
Union President – Abraham Lincoln
Union Capital – Washington, DC
Primary
objective in beginning was to
restore the Union – reconciliation
 "If I could save the Union without freeing
any slaves, I would do it, and if I could save
it by freeing all the slaves, I would do it,
and if I could do it by freeing some and
leaving others alone, I would also do that”
Never actually called it a WAR always a
REBELLION
The Battle of the Ironclads,
March, 1862
Monitor
vs.
Merrimack – iron
plating and
revolving turrets
– ends in
stalemate
•End of wooden
warships
•Continuation of
Union blockade
Naval Warfare – New Orleans
 New
Orleans – largest Confederate port
 Combined Army/Navy effort under flag
officer David Farragut
 Captured New Orleans – mouth of the
Mississippi River
 One of the very few times
that the navy captured a city
Battle of Shiloh
Corinth – major Confederate rail junction
connecting east and west
Confederate army stationed here under
Albert Sydney Johnston & PGT
Beauregard
Pittsburg Landing – along the TN river
Union army stationed here with William
Tecumseh Sherman (Grant =overall
command)
Battle of Shiloh Cont.
Named this b/c it was near Shiloh
Church
• Confederates achieved complete
surprise – Grant was in Savannah
• Union divisions rally and fight back
during mid-afternoon
• Hornets Nest – WHL Wallace & Prentice
are left as the right and left flanks retreat
around them – Confederates move in
•
Battle of Shiloh Day 2
•
•
•
•
April 7th
Union =40,000 Confederates=28,000
Grant launches Union counterattack
Cause Confederate retreat to Corinth
• One of the first battles that showed the
real brutality and potential length of the
war
Battle of Antietam
Antietam –
McClellan is fired as commander of Army
of the Potomac
Emancipation Proclamation is issued
Union victory convinces the British not to
help the South
 Vicksburg
Campaign – April - July 4,
1863
Gave the Union full control of the
Mississippi River
 Gettysburg – July 1-3, 1863
• Pickett’s Charge
• Joshua Chamberlain – Little Round Top
• South could not replace the men they lost
The War in
the West,
1863:
Vicksburg
Commanders in the Vicksburg Campaign
Confederates
• Braxton Bragg and Johnston =Army
of Tennessee
Union –
• Ulysses Grant and William
Tecumseh Sherman = Army of THE
Tennessee
• David Porter = Navy commander
The Set-Up
• Confederates control Vicksburg to Port
Hudson blocking Union trade on MS river
• Union compensates with Railroads
• Vicksburg = key to Union Anaconda Plan
Start of Vicksburg Campaign
 April 16-17 Union runs gunboats down MS
river past Vicksburg at night = success
 Simultaneous Union army movement west
of MS River
 Also simultaneous Union cavalry raid
through MS to Baton Rouge
April 29th Grant reaches Bruinsburg by
crossing the MS river
Vicksburg Campaign Eastern Side
of MS River
• May 1st Grant @ Port Gibson - doesn’t
establish supply base
• Caused Confederate confusion
• Grant moved East to Jackson -MS capital & key
rail junction
• Battle @ Champion’s Hill – Confederates had
high ground and still lost
• May 19th & 22 TWO frontal attacks on
Vicksburg
The Siege of
Vicksburg
May 18 – July 4,
1863
• Union waits for
the trapped
Confederates to
surrender
• No hope for
Confederates
b/c all possible
supply lines are
cut off
 Emancipation
Proclamation – did not
actually free anyone!!!!!!!!!!
Freed the slaves in the areas where the
Union was not in control – all slaves in
the Union were still slaves
13th Amendment – abolished
slavery
Battle of Chancellorsville
• April 30 – May 6, 1863
• Union Army of the Potomac (Joseph Hooker)
vs. Confederate Army of Northern VA (Robert
E. Lee)
• Union General Hooker had the advantage but
gave it up to fight a defensive battle in the
“Wilderness”
• Considered Lee’s greatest victory
• Faced an army 2x the size by splitting his
troops in half for two offensives
• Stonewall Jackson is killed in friendly fire
The Road to Gettysburg: 1863
Gettysburg Set-Up
• Army of Northern VA – Lee
•Key commanders =
•Longstreet (Lee’s Key subordinate)
•Ewell (replaced Stonewall Jackson)
•A.P Hill
•Jeb Stuart Cavalry leader
• Army of the Potomac
•June 27th Joseph Hooker resigns b/c
Lincoln refused to give him additional
troops
•George G. Meade takes over command
•John Buford Cavalry leader
The Road to Gettysburg
• Lee crosses the Potomac river above Harper’s
Ferry and moves quickly through MD to PA
• John Buford and cavalry arrive at Gettysburg
•Key defensive location
•10 roads converge – key transportation hub
•Strategically great location
• Meade is in MD
• Prefers to fight a defensive battle
• He wants to fight Lee at Pipe Creek
• Orders get confused and troops move
towards Gettysburg to help Buford
Gettysburg
Day One
Gettysburg
Day 2
Gettysburg
Day 3
Gettysburg Casualties
Problems in the South
 Runaway
inflation – almost 9,000%
 Class resentment
Those w/20+ slaves exempt from
service
Upper class could afford substitutes
50,000 were purchased
 High desertion rates
 1/4 of the slaves escaped to Union lines –
the rest were increasingly disobedient
 Peace movements spring up
Northern Society
Decline in sale of products
consumed/supplied by South – cotton
goods, shoes for slaves, construction
Plentiful jobs but high inflation
Quarter master Dept. single largest U.S.
employer w/thousands of manufacturing
contracts
Union
• Lower paid at first - 54th Massachusetts refuse
pay and their officers join protest
• Given menial jobs
• Segregated units with white officers
• A few came from other places besides the North
– Canada, Africa, France, escaped from South
 Violent
attacks on black businesses,
orphanages, homes
 Also attacked homes of upper-class
whites who could afford to pay a
substitute to avoid the draft
• A reflection of the gap between rich and poor
Changing Roles of Women
South
• Clerk jobs
• School teachers for the first time
• North
•
•
Form the backbone of U.S Sanitary
Commission – nutrition/1st aid
Professionalization of nursing
Extensive Legislation Passed
Without the South in Congress
 1861 – Morrill Tariff Act
 1862 – Homestead Act  1862 – Legal Tender Act
 1862 – Morrill Land Grant Act
 1862 – Emancipation
Proclamation
 1863 – Pacific Railway Act
 1863 – National Bank Act
Emancipation
March 1862 – gradual emancipation - states choice
• Wanted to colonize African Americans in
Caribbean/South America
• Confiscation act (1862) take property of anyone
supporting the rebellion
• September 1862 – Post-Antietam = threat to
Confederacy put down arms or lose slaves
• Jan 1, 1863 – formal Emancipation Proclamation for
Confederate States Only
• 1864 Election – Republican Platform contained 13th
Amendment proposition
Chickamauga/Chattanooga
• September 1863 – November 1863
• If Union can capture Chattanooga they can go down
Railroad to Deep South
• Union – Army of the Cumberland = Rosecrans
• Confederate = Army of TN = Bragg
• Initial Confederate victory – Bragg then institutes a
siege on Chattanooga where Union has fallen back to
•Part of Army of the Potomac arrive in TN
•Grant is now in overall command of West – fires
Rosecrans
Chattanooga
• Another decisive battle for the Union in the West
• Chattanooga was now PERMANENTLY in Union
Control
• November 26th – coincientally the day following
the end of the Battle of Chattanooga, was declared
as a national day of Thanksgiving by President
Lincoln
• This date had been set on Oct. 3, 1863 following
Gettysburg in the middle of the siege on
Chattanooga
Chattanooga & Atlanta
Atlanta
Campaign
Atlanta – July1864
• Atlanta = 2nd most important Confederate city left
• Confederacy – Army of TN – Johnston
•60,000 men
• Union – Grand Federal Army – Sherman
•100,000 men
•Contained the Armies of THE Cumberland,
TN, & OH
• 10 weeks of fighting following the railroad down to
Atlanta
• Union forced Johnston back across the
Chattahoochie River towards Atlanta
Atlanta Continued
• 3 separate battles around Atlanta
• Confederates lose each one
• Part of Union Army goes South around Atlanta to cut
off Southern RR in
•Confederates incorrectly believe it’s a diversion
• By September 2, 1864 Atlanta is evacuated and in
Union control
Types of Warfare
Limited War – Make war on armies not armies,
civilians, and property
Total War – Everything (armies, civilians,
property) consumed by the war or involved in it
War of Attrition – the side with the greatest
resources uses their power to wear down the
other side
Sherman’s
March
through
Georgia
to the
Sea, 1864
March to the Sea
Nov. 1864 – Dec. 1864
• Atlanta to Savannah = 300,000 miles
• Tore up the landscape
• Property damage emphasized – not harm to
civilians
• Took livestock, crops, burned factories,
homes,etc
• Goal was to undermine the morale of the
Confederacy and destroy the economy
Sherman’s March Overall
• 650,000 Miles
• Under 100 marching days
• Captured 3 state capitals – GA, SC, NC
• Lost less than 600 men
Presidential
Election of
1864
The Progress of War: 1861-1865
The Final Virginia Campaign:
1864-1865
 South
had abandoned Richmond=capital
 Not a courthouse
 Unconditional Surrender
Casualties on Both Sides
Civil War Casualties
in Comparison to Other Wars
 John Wilkes
Booth – Ford’s Theater
 Confederate Sympathizers Conspiracy
 Same day as a ceremony at Fort Sumter –
Lincoln chose to see a play instead of
attending