Cells
 All living things:
 are made of cells
 obtain and use energy
 grow and develop
 reproduce on their own
 respond to their environment
 adapt to their environment
 Cell Theory
 All living things are made up of
cells.
 Cells are the basic units of both
structure and function in living
things.
 New cells are made only from
existing cells.
 All cells have:
 Plasma membrane (cell membrane) –
thin layer that surrounds cells
 Cytoplasm – gel like material inside cells
(the “juice”)
 Genetic material (DNA and/or RNA)
 Ribosome – organelle where proteins are
made
 Some cells have:
 Cell wall – a more rigid structure on
the outside of some plasma membranes
 Nucleus – a membrane-bound
organelle that contains genetic material
(brain of the cell)
 Mitochondria – a membrane-bound
organelle where energy is released
(respiration)
 Chloroplasts – a membrane-bound
organelle (a type of plastid) where
glucose is made (photosythesis)
 Rough endoplasmic reticulum – a
membrane-bound organelle that
transports proteins
 Golgi apparatus – a membranebound organelle that packages and
processes proteins
 Vacuole – a membrane-bound
organelle that stores water and
nutrients
 All cells fall into two categories of cells:
1. Prokaryotes
 Includes bacteria and Archaea
2. Eukaryotes
 Includes animals, plants, fungi, and
protists (like amoebas and
paramecium)
All Cells
Prokaryotes
Archaea
Bacteria
Eukaryotes
Protists
Fungi
Animals
Plants
 No membrane-bound organelles (“little organs”




in cells)
No nucleus, mitochondria, or chloroplasts
Have DNA, ribosomes, cytoplasm, plasma
membrane, and cell wall
Unicellular
Fossil evidence shows that bacteria have been on
the earth for over 3.5 billion years
 Plasma membrane-covering of ALL cells, lets
material into and out of the cell.
 Cytoplasm-gel like substance found outside of
the nucleus that holds the organelles in place
 Cytoskeleton-gives cell shape and holds
organelles in place
 Ribosomes-make protein
 Organelles that are membrane bound (ex.
mitochondria and chloroplasts)
 Fossil evidence shows that eukaryotic cells have
been on the earth for approximately 1 billion
years.
 Can be unicellular or multicellular
 Cell – basic unit of structure and function (ex. nerve)
 Tissue – groups of cells that work together to perform a
common function (ex. spinal cord or muscle cell)
 Organ – groups of tissues that work together to perform
a common function (ex. brain or heart)
 Organ systems – groups of organs that work together to
perform a common function (ex. cardiovascular or
nervous system)
 Body – groups of organ systems