The muscles of limbs
。
SHANDONG UNIVERSITY
Liu Zhiyu
The muscles of upper limb
The muscles of upper limb are divided into:
The muscles of
shoulder
arm
forearm
hand
Muscles of shoulder
Deltoid
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres minor
Teres major
Subscapularis
Muscles of shoulder
Deltoid

Origin: lateral third of
clavicle, acromion, and
spine of scapula

Insertion: deltoid
tuberosity of humerus

Action: abducts the arm;
anterior part may flexes
and medically rotates the
arm and the posterior part
extends and laterally
rotates arm
Muscles of shoulder
Teres major



Origin: dorsal surface of
inferior angle of scapula
Insertion: crest of lesser
tubercle of humerus
Action: medially rotates
and adducts arm
Muscles of arm

Antererior group



Biceps brachii
Coracobrachialis
Brachialis
Biceps brachii Origin:


long head, supraglenoid
tubercle; short head,
coracoid process
Insertion: radical
tuberosity
Action: supinator of
forearm, flexor of elbow
joint, weak flexor of
should joint
Muscles of arm
Posterior group:
Triceps brachii



Origin: long head, infraglenoid
tubercle; lateral head, above
groove for radical n., medical head,
below groove for radical n.
Insertion: olecranon of ulna
Action: extends elbow joint), long
head can extend and adduct
shoulder joint
Muscles of forearm
Anterior group (9)

Superficial layer
 Brachioradialis
 Pronator teres
 Flexor carpi radialis
 Palmaris longus
 Flexor carpi ulnaris
Pronator teres



Origin: medical
epicondyle of humerus
and deep fascia of
forearm
Insertion: middle of
lateral surface of radius
Action:
pronation of forearm
Muscles of forearm

Second layer－
flexor digitorum superficials

Third layer



Flexor digitorum
profundus
Flexor pollicis
longus
Fourth layer－
pronator quadratus
Action: flex radiocarpal
joint and fingers,
pronate forearm
Posterior group (10)
Superficial layer (5)




Extensor carpi radialis
longus
Extensor carpi radialis
brevis
Extensor digitorum
Extensor digiti minimi
Extensor carpi ulnaris
Deep layer (5)


Supinator
Abductor pollicis longus
Extensor pollicis brevis
Extensor pollicis longus
Extensor indicis
Action: extend
radiocapral joint and
fingers, and supinate
forearm
Supinator



Origin: lateral
epicondyle of humerus
and upper part of
lateral border of ulna
Insertion: upper third
of anterior surface of
radius
Action: supination of
forearm
Muscles of hand

Lateral group－thenar

Abductor pollicis brevis
Flexor pollicis brevis
Opponens pollicis
Adductor pollicis
Action: flex, abduct, adduct
and oppose thumb
Muscles of hand

Medial group－hypothenar




Abductor digiti minimi
Flexor digiti minimi brevis
Opponens digiti minimi
Action: flex, abduct , and
oppose little finger
Intermedial group



Lumbricales (4)－ flex
metacarpophalangeal
joints and extend
interphalangeal joints
Palmar interossei (3)－
adduct fingers towards
middle finger
Dorsal interossei (3)－
abduct fingers away from
middle finger
The muscles of lower limb
The muscles of lower limb are divided into:
The muscles of
Hip
Thigh
Leg
foot
一、The
muscles of Hip
（一）Anterior group
1、Iliopsoas
Psoas major
Iliacus
lesser trochanter
Action：flexes the thigh and
rotate thigh laterally。
2、tensor fasciae latae
（二）posterior group
1、 Gluteus Maximus
Action： extend the thigh
and rotate the thigh laterally
2、 Piriformis
Action： rotate and abduct the
thigh laterally
Piriformis
Piriformis
Gluteus
medius
Gluteus medius
piriformis
Gluteus minimus
Action：abdut the thigh
Obturator internus
Obturator
inernus
Quadratus
femoris
Quadratus femoris
Obturator externus
rotate
thigh
laterally
Gluteas
minimus
二、 The muscles of thigh
（一）Anterior group
1、Sartorius
Origin
: anterior superior iliac spine
: the upper part of the
Insertion
medial surface of the tibia
Action： flexes the thigh and the leg
，When the knee is flexed, it medially
rotates the leg.
2、Quadriceps Femoris
Rectus femoris
Vastue lateralis
Vastus medialis
Vastus untermedius
二、 The muscles of thigh
2、Quadriceps Femoris
Origin:
Rectus femoris: anterior inferior
iliac spine
Vastus medialis: medial lip of linea
aspera
Vastus lateralis: lateral lip of linea
aspera
Vastus intermedius: anterior
surface of femur
Insertion:
tibial tuberosity via patellar ligament
Action： extend the leg ;
rectus femoris also flexes the thigh
（二）Medial group
Adduct and rotate
the thigh laterally
Adductor
bravis
Addcor magnus
Pectineus
m.
Adductor
longus
Gracilis
m.
（三）posterior group
1、 Biceps Femoris
Action： extend the thigh
and flexes the leg
2、 Semitendinosus
3、Semimembranosus
Action： extend the thigh
and flexes the leg
三、The
muscles of leg
（一）Anterior group
Tibialis anterior
Invert the foot
Extensor digitorum
longus
extend 1-4 toes
Extensor hallucis
longus
extend the big
toes
Action of anterior
group：Dorsiflex of
ankle joint
三、 The muscles of leg
（二）lateral group
Action：
plantar flexes
the ankle and
the eversion
of foot
Peroneus
longus
Peroneus brevis
（三）The
posterior group
1、Superficial layer
Triceps surae
Gastrocnemius
Soleus
Gastrocnemius
Soleus
Action：plantar flexe
the ankle，
Tendo
calcaneus
Gastrocnemius also
flex the leg
1、deep layer: consists of 4 muscles.
Popliteus
Action: flex leg and rotate the leg medially
Flexor hallucis longus
Action: plantarflex ankle joint and
flexes the big toe
Flexor digitorum longus
Action: flexes lateral four toes,
plantarflexes foot
Tibialis posterior
Action: plantarflexes and inverts foot
四、The muscles of foot 足肌
（一）The muscles
on the dorsum of
foot
extensor digitorum
brevis ：extense the
2-4 toe.
extensor hallucis
brevis：extense the
big toe.
四、The muscles of foot
（一）The muscles of
the sole
1. Medial group 内侧组
Abductor hallucis
Flexor hallucis brevis
Adductor hallucis
Flexor hallucis
brevis
Abductor hallucis
四、The muscles of foot
（一）The muscles of
the sole
Adductor hallucis
1. Medial group
Abductor hallucis
Flexor hallucis brevis
Adductor hallucis
四、The muscles of foot
（一）The muscles of
the sole
2. intermediate group
Flexor digitorum brevis
Quadratus plantae
Lumbricalis
Interosseous m.
Lumbricalis
Flexor digitorum
brevis
四、The muscles of foot
（一）The muscles of
the sole
2. intermediate group
Flexor digitorum brevis
Quadratus plantae
Lumbricalis
Interosseous m.
Quadratus plantae
四、The muscles of foot
（一）The muscles of
the sole
2. intermediate group plantar
interosseous m
Flexor digitorum brevis
Quadratus plantae
Lumbricalis
Interosseous m.
plantar interosseous m.
dorsal interosseous m.
dorsal
interosseous m.
四、The muscles of foot
（一）The muscles of
the sole
3. lateral group
Flexor digiti minimi brevis
Abducentor digiti minimi
Action：collectively they are
sigificant in posture and locomotion，
and mainly support the arches of the
foot.