A bit of Biochemistry
Chapter 2
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List the major chemical elements in cells.
Identify the function of the four major
molecules or compounds in cells.
Explain the role of enzymes in cells.
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Formed by joining smaller molecules
together.
Polymers have small sections joined together
in long chains.
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Carbohydrates- provide energy
Lipids- protect, insulate, regulate
Proteins - build structure, transport oxygen,
contract muscles, immunity
◦ Enzymes- proteins that speed up formation or
breakdown of compounds.
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Nucleic Acids- chemical code for all body
parts, compounds, and functions
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Made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
Simple sugars called monosaccharides
◦ Fructose – C6 H12 O6
◦ Glucose
◦ Galactose
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Disaccharides- made of two
monosaccharides.
◦ Sucrose-
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Dehydration, or
removing water
builds
disaccharides
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Adding water
Breaks
Disaccharides, and
is called hydrolysis
Drink water when
eating
carbohydrates.
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Up to 4000 glucose units longs
Few side chains
Flour, Pasta, Potatoes, Cake
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Plant cellulose is
found in plant cell
walls, has links
between parallel
chains, which
doesn’t let us
digest it.
It passes through
as fiber.
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Glycogen, sugar stored in animal tissues, but
is not muscle.
http://www.bi
o.brandeis.edu
/classes/bio18
/glycogen.gif
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The round head is
phosphate and is
polar
The tail is nonpolar
fatty acids.
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Cause fats to mix
with water as one
end is polar and the
other is non-polar.
Digestive bile
emulsifies fats in
the liver
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Have little Oxygen C53H133O3
Fats- solid at room temperature
Oils- liquid at room temperature
Saturated fats- have tails with single bonds
between carbon atoms
Unsaturated- have tails with double bonds
between carbon atoms
Polyunsaturated- more than one double bond
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Necessary in small does in your brain
◦ Linolenic acid (ALA)
◦ Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)
◦ Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)
Sources
Salmon
Sardines
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Make up hair, skin, nails, muscle, cartilage,
hormones that regulate body processes
The order and type of amino acids determines
the behavior or look of the protein
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Keratin- hair, nails
Collagen- support ligaments, tendons, skin
Enzymes- speed reactions, work at 37°C
Transport- Carriers in cell membrane,
Hemoglobin transports Oxygen
Defense- antibodies fight infection by
combining with antigens and prevent
antigens from destroying cells.
Hormones- regulate growth, intercellular
messengers, influence metabolism
Motion- actin and myosin contract muscles
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M568QP
1K3sM
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Primary: order of amino
acids
Secondary: Spiral or
Pleated shapes due to
hydrogen bonding
Tertiary: 3D shape due to
hydrophilic or
hydrophobic amino acids.
Covalent, Ionic, and
Hydrogen bonding.
Quaternary: 2 proteins
associate together.
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Name ends in –ase
◦ DNA polymerase, Sucrase, Lipase
Enzyme is a protein shaped like a puzzle that will
only fit a certain chemical. When the two attach,
the Enzyme will either join two chemicals or split
a chemical in two parts, then release it and do
the same process with another chemical.
◦ Animation http://highered.mcgrawhill.com/sites/0072507470/student_view0/chapter25/a
nimation__enzyme_action_and_the_hydrolysis_of_sucros
e.html
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Can change with temperature or pH level.
◦ Lab Enzyme in Potato on Hydrogen Peroxide in cold,
room temp, and boiling temperatures.
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http://highered.mcgrawhill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/c
hapter2/animation__how_enzymes_work.html
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Heat can change the shape of proteins
Vinegar + Milk  Curdling, Cheese
Heat coagulates egg white protein called
albumin.
Alzheimers and Mad Cow Disease are result
of proteins being changed in shape.
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They transmit our
genetic traits from
generation to
generation, for all cells
of the body
Parts of a cookie, where
they go
Parts of our muscles and
Where our muscles go
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Made of a 5 carbon
sugar (ribose or
deoxyribose)
Nitrogen base (Guanine,
Adenine, Cytosine,
Thymine or Uracil)
Phosphate