PAGE 5-6
WHAT’S MORE
1. Aromatic Rings- 3 (F, W,Y)]
Sulfur- 2 (C, M)
Alcohol- 2 (S, T)
Hydrocarbons- 6 (A, I, L, P,V,W)
2. Amino acid
3. Peptide bond
4. Fibrous
5. Fibrous
6. Globular
7. Fibrous
8. Fibrous
9. Fibrous
10. Both
11. Both
12. Both
13. Both
14. Globular
15. Central carbon (alpha carbon), carboxyl group, amino group, side chain (R)
16. Coordination of an organismʼs activities
17. Transport proteins
18. Defensive proteins
19. Structural proteins
20. Storage of amino acids
21. Contractile and motor proteins
22. Enzymatic proteins
WHAT I HAVE LEARNED?
Choose one protein classification according to function, then explain the importance of it. Elaborate
what would happen if that certain protein doesn’t exist. You may give an example to help you explain it.
Enzymatic proteins are biological catalyst that speeds up the reactions in biological systems. Enzymes are
very important in all organisms as they catalyze different processes in the body like degradation of
nutrient molecules, conservation and transformation of energy, and construction of biological
macromolecules from simple precursors. Without enzyme, food cannot be digested as there are no
proteins to enable digestion or degradation of nutrients into form that can be used by the body. Energy
will not be used efficiently due to the lack of enzyme that will catalyze reactions. It will take huge amount
of energy and longer time for any biological processes to take place without the enzymes. Furthermore,
essential macromolecules such as lipids and nucleic acids cannot be formed.
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One important role of enzyme is to convert chemicals we eat into something our body can take or also
called toxin regulation. Example is the enzyme called alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) which metabolizes the
ethanol (found in alcoholic beverages) into toxic acetaldehyde. From there, the liver enzyme aldehyde
dehydrogenase (ALDH) metabolizes acetaldehyde into acetate, a less toxic compound that breaks down
into water and carbon dioxide. However, methanol toxicity is due to the absence of enzymes in our body
that can process methanol the same way as ethanol. Enzyme that can regulate toxins are very important
because of compounds like methanol that is exceptionally poisonous as it can cause blindness after
consuming just less than 2 teaspoons, and a lethal dose is only about 2 tablespoons. Methanol is a byproduct of some alcoholic beverages processes.
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PAGE 12-13
WHAT’S MORE
A. Fill in the blanks
a. 60%
b. Sugar, starch and fiber (from fruits, grains and vegetables)
c. Energy, digestive, metabolism/oxidation
4. Fat
5. Lactose
6. Simple
7. Glucose
8. Sucrose
9. Fructose
10. Glucose
11. Maltose
12. Lactose
13. Complex
14. Starch, starch
B. 1. a, c, d, e
2. a. Fructose- monosaccharide
b Ribose -monosaccharide
c. Cellulose- polysaccharide
d. Glucose- monosaccharide
e. Sucrose- disaccharide
f. Glycogen- polysaccharide
g. Chitin- polysaccharide
h. Starch- polysaccharide
i. Maltose- disaccharide
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WHAT I HAVE LEARNED?
1. Write the step-by-step drawing of Haworth projection for each of the following compounds:
(a) α-d-Galactopyranose
Step 1 Draw the skeleton of a Haworth projection
Step 2 Draw the CH2OH group
Step 3 Draw the OH group at the anomeric position
Step 4 Draw the remaining groups
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(b) α-d-Mannopyranose
Step 1 Draw the skeleton of a Haworth projection
d-Mannose
Step 2 Draw the CH2OH group
Step 3 Draw the OH group at the anomeric position
Step 4 Draw the remaining groups
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(c) α-d-Allopyranose
Step 1 Draw the skeleton of a Haworth projection
d-Allose
Step 2 Draw the CH2OH group
Step 3 Draw the OH group at the anomeric position
Step 4 Draw the remaining groups
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(d) β-d-Mannopyranose
Step 1 Draw the skeleton of a Haworth projection
d-Mannose
Step 2 Draw the CH2OH group
Step 3 Draw the OH group at the anomeric position
Step 4 Draw the remaining groups
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(e) β-d-Glucopyranose
Step 1 Draw the skeleton of a Haworth projection
d-glucose
Step 2 Draw the CH2OH group
Step 3 Draw the OH group at the anomeric position
Step 4 Draw the remaining groups
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(f) α-d-Glucopyranose
Step 1 Draw the skeleton of a Haworth projection
d-glucose
Step 2 Draw the CH2OH group
Step 3 Draw the OH group at the anomeric position
Step 4 Draw the remaining groups
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2. An example of carbohydrates is glucose which is the most abundant monossacharide. The primary role
of glucose molecule is to act as source of energy or as a fuel. Plants and animals use glucose as a chemical
energy that can be ‘burnt’ to release carbon dioxide, water and energy. Glucose is the most important
substrate of cell metabolism and it is the carbohydrate fulfilling the task of being the energy transport
system of the body.
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PAGE 17
WHAT’S MORE
1. A hydrocarbon group
2.
Unsaturated
Saturated
3. unsaturated fatty acids
4. 1. Complex lipids
2. Simple lipids
5. Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen
6. Saturated fatty acids
1. All carbon–carbon bonds are single bonds
2. Straight chain hydrocarbon
3. Solid at room temperature
Unsaturated fatty acids
1. With one or more double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain
2. Bent hydrocarbon chain
3. Liquid at room temperature
7. A
8. A
WHAT I HAVE LEARNED?
1. Unlike other biomolecules such as amino acids, nucleic acids and proteins, the term “lipid”
does not specify a particular chemical structure. There is general formula for most
biomolecules but lipids are more chemically diverse. Compounds are categorized as lipids
based on their greater solubility in organic solvents than in water.
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