DIGITAL IMAGE
PROCESSING
By:
Dr J. Shanbehzadeh
Shanbehzadeh@gmail.com
Road map of course(1)
Course
overview
book
Objectives
Soft
ware
Evaluation
Table of
content
Exercise
format
1. Exercises
Shanbehzadeh@gmail.com
1. MATLAB
Digital Image Processing
by Rafael
C. Gonzalez
and Richard Engene Woods,
2. Research
& Seminar
2. Khoros
iau.image.student-name.ex#
Prentice
Hall,
Third
Edition,
2008.
mhdgholizadeh@gmail.com
www.Prenhall.com/gonzalezwoods
3. Activity in class
3.OpenCV
4. Final Exam
Instructor’s
e-mail
Road map of course(2)
Course
overview
Objectives
Know basics of digital image processing
including image acquisition, perception,
transformation, compression,
enhancement, interpolation, restoration,
analysis, and so on.
Table of
content
Be able to use MATLAB to implement
basic image processing algorithms and
get familiar with some functions
provided by MATLAB image processing
toolbox.
Road map of course(3)
Course
overview
Introduction
Image
Restoration
and
Reconstruction
Intensity
Transformatio
ns and Spatial
Filtering
Digital Image
Fundamentals
Table of
content
Objectives
Filtering in
the
Frequency
Domain
Wavelets and
Multi resolution
Processing
Color
Image
Processing
Image
Compression
Image Engineering
Image
Engineering
High Layer
Image
Understanding
Feature
Measurement
Middle Layer
Image Analysis
Object
Representation
Low Layer
Image
Processing
Image
Segmentation
Data Out
Image In
Digital Image Processing
Fundamental Steps in Digital Image Processing (Fundamental Steps in DIP)
Output is Image
Wavelets and
Multiresolution
Processing
Compression
Morphological
Processing
Image Restoration
Segmentation
Image Enhancement
Representation &
Description
Image Acquisition
Input
Knowledge Base
Object Recognition
Output is Image Attributes
Color Image
Processing
DIGITAL IMAGE
PROCESSING
By:
Dr J. Shanbehzadeh
Shanbehzadeh@gmail.com
Road map of chapter 1
1.1
1.2
1.3
Concepts
The
Fundamental
Examples
Origins
ofofan
ofFields
Steps
Digital
Image
in
that
Processing
Digital
Image
Use
What is Digital Image Processing?
Processing.
Digital
Image
System.
Processing.
Image Processing.
1.4
•
•
•
•
•
•
1.5
1.1- What is Digital Image Processing?
1.2- The Origins of Digital Image Processing.
1.3- Examples of Fields that Use Digital Image Processing.
1.4- Fundamental Steps in Digital Image Processing.
1.5- Concepts of an Image Processing System.
Case Studies
1.1 What is Digital Image
Processing?
Digital Image processing
•
1.1- What is Digital
Image Processing?
•
1.2- The Origins of Digital
Image Processing.
•
1.3- Examples of Fields
that Use Digital Image
Processing.
•
1.4- Fundamental Steps
in Digital Image
Processing.
•
•
1.5- Concepts of an Image
Processing System.
Case Studies
An image may be defined as:
A two-dimensional function, f(x, y)
where x and y are spatial (plane) coordinates, and the
amplitude of f at any pair of coordinates
f(x, y) is called the intensity or gray level of the image at
that point.
When x, y, and the amplitude values of f are all finite, discrete
quantities.
The field of digital image processing refers to processing digital
images by means of a digital computer.
Digital Image
•
1.1- What is Digital
Image Processing?
•
1.2- The Origins of Digital
Image Processing.
•
1.3- Examples of Fields
that Use Digital Image
Processing.
•
1.4- Fundamental Steps
in Digital Image
Processing.
•
1.5- Concepts of an Image
Processing System.
•
Case Studies
1.2 The Origins of Digital Image
Processing
The Origins of Digital Image Processing
•
1.1- What is Digital
Image Processing?
•
1.2- The Origins of Digital
Image Processing.
•
1.3- Examples of Fields
that Use Digital Image
Processing.
•
1.4- Fundamental Steps
in Digital Image
Processing.
•
1.5- Concepts of an Image
Processing System.
•
Case Studies
One of the first applications of digital images was in the newspaper
industry, when pictures were first sent by submarine cable between
London and New York.
Introduction of the Bart lane cable picture transmission system in the
early 1920’s reduced the time required to transport a picture across
the Atlantic from more than a week to less than three hours.
Specialized printing equipment coded pictures for cable transmission
and then reconstructed them at the receiving end.
The Origins of Digital Image Processing
•
1.1- What is Digital
Image Processing?
•
1.2- The Origins of Digital
Image Processing.
•
1.3- Examples of Fields
that Use Digital Image
Processing.
•
1.4- Fundamental Steps
in Digital Image
Processing.
•
1.5- Concepts of an Image
Processing System.
•
Case Studies
Digital picture produced in 1921 from
a coded tape by a telegraph printer
with special type faces. (McFarlane.†)
Digital picture made in 1922 from a tape
punched after the signals had crossed the
Atlantic twice. Some errors are visible.
(McFarlane.)
Unretouched cable picture of Generals
Pershing and Foch, transmitted in 1929
from London to New York by 15-tone
equipment.
(McFarlane.)
14
The Origins of Digital Image Processing
•
1.1- What is Digital
Image Processing?
•
1.2- The Origins of Digital
Image Processing.
•
1.3- Examples of Fields
that Use Digital Image
Processing.
•
1.4- Fundamental Steps
in Digital Image
Processing.
•
1.5- Concepts of an Image
Processing System.
•
Case Studies
The first picture of the moon by a U.S. spacecraft. Ranger 7 took this
image on July 31, 1964 at 9 : 09 A.M. EDT, about 17minutes before
impacting the lunar surface. (Courtesy of NASA.)
Examples of Fields that use Digital Image
Processing
•
1.1- What is Digital
Image Processing?
Gamma-Ray Imaging
•
1.2- The Origins of Digital
Image Processing.
X-Ray Imaging
•
1.3- Examples of Fields
that Use Digital Image
Processing.
Imaging in the Ultraviolet Band
•
1.4- Fundamental Steps
in Digital Image
Processing.
•
1.5- Concepts of an Image
Processing System.
•
Case Studies
Imaging in the Visible and Infrared Bands
Imaging in the Microwave Band
Imaging in the Radio Band
Examples in which other Imaging Modalities are Used
Examples of Fields that use Digital Image
Processing
•
1.1- What is Digital
Image Processing?
•
1.2- The Origins of Digital
Image Processing.
•
1.3- Examples of Fields
that Use Digital Image
Processing.
•
1.4- Fundamental Steps
in Digital Image
Processing.
•
1.5- Concepts of an Image
Processing System.
•
Case Studies
Humans are limited to the visual band of the electromagnetic (EM)
spectrum.
Imaging machines cover almost the entire EM spectrum, ranging
from gamma to radio waves.
They can operate on images generated by sources that humans are
not accustomed to associating with images.
These include ultrasound, electron microscopy, and computergenerated images.
Digital image processing encompasses a wide and varied field of
applications.
Radiation from EM Spectrum
•
1.1- What is Digital
Image Processing?
•
1.2- The Origins of Digital
Image Processing.
•
1.3- Examples of Fields
that Use Digital Image
Processing.
•
1.4- Fundamental Steps
in Digital Image
Processing.
•
1.5- Concepts of an Image
Processing System.
•
Case Studies
Radiation from EM Spectrum
•
1.1- What is Digital
Image Processing?
•
1.2- The Origins of Digital
Image Processing.
•
1.3- Examples of Fields
that Use Digital Image
Processing.
•
1.4- Fundamental Steps
in Digital Image
Processing.
•
1.5- Concepts of an Image
Processing System.
•
Case Studies
Two Principal Application Areas
•
1.1- What is Digital
Image Processing?
•
1.2- The Origins of Digital
Image Processing.
•
1.3- Examples of Fields
that Use Digital Image
Processing.
•
1.4- Fundamental Steps
in Digital Image
Processing.
•
1.5- Concepts of an Image
Processing System.
•
Case Studies
Improvement of pictorial information for human interpretation
Processing of image data for storage, transmission, and representation
for autonomous machine perception
Applications:
Space applications
Medical imaging
Remote Earth resources observations
Astronomy
Examples of Image Sensor
•
1.1- What is Digital
Image Processing?
•
1.2- The Origins of Digital
Image Processing.
•
1.3- Examples of Fields
that Use Digital Image
Processing.
•
1.4- Fundamental Steps
in Digital Image
Processing.
•
1.5- Concepts of an Image
Processing System.
•
Case Studies
Gamma- Ray Imaging
Nuclear
Medicine
X-Ray Imaging
Medicine
Electronic
Imaging In UV Band
Lithography
Industrial inspection
Imaging in Visible and Infrared
Bands
Imaging in Microwave Bands
Radar
Imaging in Radio Bands
Medicine MRI
Astronomy
Ultrasound Imaging
Examples of Fields that use Digital Image
Processing
•
1.1- What is Digital
Image Processing?
Gamma-Ray
Gamma-Ray Imaging
Imaging
•
1.2- The Origins of Digital
Image Processing.
X-Ray Imaging
•
1.3- Examples of Fields
that Use Digital Image
Processing.
Imaging in the Ultraviolet Band
•
1.4- Fundamental Steps
in Digital Image
Processing.
•
1.5- Concepts of an Image
Processing System.
•
Case Studies
Imaging in the Visible and Infrared Bands
Imaging in the Microwave Band
Imaging in the Radio Band
Examples in which other Imaging Modalities are Used
Gamma-Ray Imaging
•
1.1- What is Digital
Image Processing?
•
1.2- The Origins of Digital
Image Processing.
•
1.3- Examples of Fields
that Use Digital Image
Processing.
•
1.4- Fundamental Steps
in Digital Image
Processing.
•
1.5- Concepts of an Image
Processing System.
•
Case Studies
External source
Radioactive
Isotope decay
Internal Source
Positron emission
Star
Nuclear reaction
In nuclear medicine, the approach is to inject a patient with a
radioactive isotope that emits gamma rays as it decays.
Images are produced from the emissions collected by gamma ray
detectors.
Gamma-Ray Imaging
•
1.1- What is Digital
Image Processing?
•
1.2- The Origins of Digital
Image Processing.
•
1.3- Examples of Fields
that Use Digital Image
Processing.
•
1.4- Fundamental Steps
in Digital Image
Processing.
•
1.5- Concepts of an Image
Processing System.
•
Case Studies
Bone scan
PET image
Position emission
tomography
Astronomical
Observations
Nuclear Reaction
Cygnus loop
Exploded about 15,000 years ago
Reactor valve
Gamma radiation from a reactor valve
Examples of Fields that use Digital Image
Processing
•
1.1- What is Digital
Image Processing?
Gamma-Ray Imaging
•
1.2- The Origins of Digital
Image Processing.
X-Ray Imaging
•
1.3- Examples of Fields
that Use Digital Image
Processing.
Imaging in the Ultraviolet Band
•
1.4- Fundamental Steps
in Digital Image
Processing.
•
1.5- Concepts of an Image
Processing System.
•
Case Studies
Imaging in the Visible and Infrared Bands
Imaging in the Microwave Band
Imaging in the Radio Band
Examples in which other Imaging Modalities are Used
X-Ray Imaging
•
1.2- The Origins of Digital
Image Processing.
•
1.3- Examples of Fields
that Use Digital Image
Processing.
•
1.4- Fundamental Steps
in Digital Image
Processing.
•
1.5- Concepts of an Image
Processing System.
•
Case Studies
In parallel with space applications, digital image processing
techniques began in the late 1960s and early 1970s to be used in
medical imaging, remote Earth resources observations, and
astronomy.
Head CT
1.1- What is Digital
Image Processing?
Chest X-Ray
•
X-Ray Imaging
•
1.1- What is Digital
Image Processing?
•
1.2- The Origins of Digital
Image Processing.
•
1.3- Examples of Fields
that Use Digital Image
Processing.
•
1.4- Fundamental Steps
in Digital Image
Processing.
•
1.5- Concepts of an Image
Processing System.
•
Case Studies
Industrial Imaging
Circuit Board
Astronomy
X-Ray Imaging
Angiography:
Aortic Angiogram
•
1.1- What is Digital
Image Processing?
•
1.2- The Origins of Digital
Image Processing.
•
1.3- Examples of Fields
that Use Digital Image
Processing.
This procedure is used to obtain
images (called angiograms) of blood vessels.
•
1.4- Fundamental Steps
in Digital Image
Processing.
A catheter (a small, flexible, hollow tube) is inserted, for
example, into an artery or vein in the groin.
•
1.5- Concepts of an Image
Processing System.
•
Case Studies
Another major application in an area
called contrast enhancement radiography.
The catheter is threaded into the blood vessel and guided
to the area to be studied.
When the catheter reaches the site under investigation, an
X-ray contrast medium is injected through the catheter.
This enhances contrast of the blood vessels and enables
the radiologist to see any irregularities or blockages.
X-Ray Imaging
•
1.1- What is Digital
Image Processing?
•
1.2- The Origins of Digital
Image Processing.
•
1.3- Examples of Fields
that Use Digital Image
Processing.
•
•
•
1.4- Fundamental Steps
in Digital Image
Processing.
1.5- Concepts of an Image
Processing System.
Case Studies
X-rays are among the oldest sources of EM radiation used for
imaging. The best known use of X-rays is medical diagnostics, but
they also are used extensively in industry and other areas, like
astronomy.
X-rays for medical and industrial imaging are generated using an Xray tube, which is a vacuum tube with a cathode and anode.
The cathode is heated, causing free electrons to be released. These
electrons flow at high speed to the positively charged anode.
When the electrons strike a nucleus, energy is released in the form of
X-ray radiation.
X-Ray Imaging
Computerized Axial Tomography (CAT))
•
1.1- What is Digital
Image Processing?
•
1.2- The Origins of Digital
Image Processing.
•
1.3- Examples of Fields
that Use Digital Image
Processing.
•
1.4- Fundamental Steps
in Digital Image
Processing.
•
1.5- Concepts of an Image
Processing System.
•
The invention of CAT in the early 1970s is one of the most important
events in the application of image processing in medical diagnosis.
CAT is a process in which a ring of detectors encircles an object (or
patient) and an X-ray source, concentric with the detector ring,
rotates about the object.
The X-rays pass through the object and are collected at the opposite
end by the corresponding detectors in the ring. As the source rotates,
this procedure is repeated.
Tomography consists of algorithms that use the sensed data to
construct an image that represents a “slice” through the object.
Case Studies
Motion of the object in a direction perpendicular to the ring of
detectors produces a set of such slices, which constitute a threedimensional (3-D) rendition of the inside of the object.
X-Ray Imaging
(Myocardial Viability)
•
1.1- What is Digital
Image Processing?
•
1.2- The Origins of Digital
Image Processing.
•
1.3- Examples of Fields
that Use Digital Image
Processing.
•
1.4- Fundamental Steps
in Digital Image
Processing.
•
1.5- Concepts of an Image
Processing System.
•
Case Studies
Image of heart which has had a
myocardial
infarction
(Heart
attack). The arrow points to areas
that have been damaged by the
attack,
indicating
"dead"
myocardial tissue.
Normal Heart
Examples of Fields that use Digital Image
Processing
•
1.1- What is Digital
Image Processing?
Gamma-Ray Imaging
•
1.2- The Origins of Digital
Image Processing.
X-Ray Imaging
•
1.3- Examples of Fields
that Use Digital Image
Processing.
Imaging in the Ultraviolet Band
•
1.4- Fundamental Steps
in Digital Image
Processing.
•
1.5- Concepts of an Image
Processing System.
•
Case Studies
Imaging in the Visible and Infrared Bands
Imaging in the Microwave Band
Imaging in the Radio Band
Examples in which other Imaging Modalities are Used
Imaging in the Ultraviolet Band
•
1.1- What is Digital
Image Processing?
•
1.2- The Origins of Digital
Image Processing.
•
1.3- Examples of Fields
that Use Digital Image
Processing.
•
1.4- Fundamental Steps
in Digital Image
Processing.
•
1.5- Concepts of an Image
Processing System.
•
Case Studies
Microscopy
Applications of Ultraviolet:
Lithography
Industrial inspection
Microscopy
Lasers
Biological imaging
Astronomical observations
Normal Corn
Astronomical Observations
Smut Corn
Examples of Fields that use Digital Image
Processing
•
1.1- What is Digital
Image Processing?
Gamma-Ray Imaging
•
1.2- The Origins of Digital
Image Processing.
X-Ray Imaging
•
1.3- Examples of Fields
that Use Digital Image
Processing.
Imaging in the Ultraviolet Band
•
1.4- Fundamental Steps
in Digital Image
Processing.
•
1.5- Concepts of an Image
Processing System.
•
Case Studies
Imaging in the Visible
Visible and Infrared Bands
Imaging in the Microwave Band
Imaging in the Radio Band
Examples in which other Imaging Modalities are Used
Imaging in the Visible and Infrared Bands
•
1.1- What is Digital
Image Processing?
•
1.2- The Origins of Digital
Image Processing.
•
1.3- Examples of Fields
that Use Digital Image
Processing.
•
1.4- Fundamental Steps
in Digital Image
Processing.
•
1.5- Concepts of an Image
Processing System.
•
Case Studies
Taxol
Cholesterol
Microprocessor
Nickel oxide
Thin film
Surface of
Audio CD
Organic
Superconductor
Imaging in the Visible and Infrared Bands
(LANDSAT Satellite Multi-spectral Bands)
•
1.1- What is Digital
Image Processing?
•
1.2- The Origins of Digital
Image Processing.
•
1.3- Examples of Fields
that Use Digital Image
Processing.
•
1.4- Fundamental Steps
in Digital Image
Processing.
•
1.5- Concepts of an Image
Processing System.
•
Case Studies
Imaging in the Visible and Infrared Bands
(Remote Sensing)
•
•
1.1- What is Digital
Image Processing?
1.2- The Origins of Digital
Image Processing.
•
1.3- Examples of Fields
that Use Digital Image
Processing.
•
1.4- Fundamental Steps
in Digital Image
Processing.
•
1.5- Concepts of an Image
Processing System.
•
Case Studies
To Monitoring environmental Conditions on the Planet
Nasa’s LandSat : Washington DC
Imaging in the Visible and Infrared Bands
(Whether Observation & Prediction)
•
1.1- What is Digital
Image Processing?
•
1.2- The Origins of Digital
Image Processing.
•
1.3- Examples of Fields
that Use Digital Image
Processing.
•
1.4- Fundamental Steps
in Digital Image
Processing.
•
1.5- Concepts of an Image
Processing System.
•
Case Studies
Multispectral Image of
Hurricane Andrew from
satellites using sensors in
the visible and infrared
bands
Imaging in the Visible and Infrared Bands
(Nighttime lights of the World)
•
1.1- What is Digital
Image Processing?
•
1.2- The Origins of Digital
Image Processing.
•
1.3- Examples of Fields
that Use Digital Image
Processing.
•
1.4- Fundamental Steps
in Digital Image
Processing.
•
1.5- Concepts of an Image
Processing System.
•
Case Studies
Infrared Satellite Images
of the Americas
Infrared Satellite Images of the
remaining populated part of the
world
Imaging in the Visible and Infrared Bands
Industry: Automated Visual Inspection)
•
1.1- What is Digital
Image Processing?
•
1.2- The Origins of Digital
Image Processing.
•
1.3- Examples of Fields
that Use Digital Image
Processing.
•
1.4- Fundamental Steps
in Digital Image
Processing.
•
1.5- Concepts of an Image
Processing System.
•
Case Studies
A circuit Board :
Inspect them for
missing part
Pill
container:
Look for missing
pills
Bottles : Look for
bottle that are not
filled up to an
acceptable level
Bubbles in clearplastic product: Detect
unacceptable number
of air pockets
Cereal : Inspection
for color and the
presence
of
anomalies such as
burned flake
Image of replacement
lens for human eye:
Inspection of damage
or
incorrectly
manufactured implants
Imaging in the Visible and Infrared Bands
Law Enforcement: Automated Visual Inspection)
•
1.1- What is Digital
Image Processing?
•
1.2- The Origins of Digital
Image Processing.
•
1.3- Examples of Fields
that Use Digital Image
Processing.
•
1.4- Fundamental Steps
in Digital Image
Processing.
•
1.5- Concepts of an Image
Processing System.
•
Case Studies
Paper currency: Automated
counting/reading of the
serial number for tracking
and identifying bills
Automated License plate
reading
Thumb Print: Automated
search of a database for a
potential matches
Examples of Fields that use Digital Image
Processing
•
1.1- What is Digital
Image Processing?
Gamma-Ray Imaging
•
1.2- The Origins of Digital
Image Processing.
X-Ray Imaging
•
1.3- Examples of Fields
that Use Digital Image
Processing.
Imaging in the Ultraviolet Band
•
1.4- Fundamental Steps
in Digital Image
Processing.
•
1.5- Concepts of an Image
Processing System.
•
Case Studies
Imaging in the Visible and Infrared Bands
Imaging in the Microwave Band
Imaging in the Radio Band
Examples in which other Imaging Modalities are Used
Imaging in Microwave Band
•
1.1- What is Digital
Image Processing?
•
1.2- The Origins of Digital
Image Processing.
•
1.3- Examples of Fields
that Use Digital Image
Processing.
•
1.4- Fundamental Steps
in Digital Image
Processing.
•
1.5- Concepts of an Image
Processing System.
•
Case Studies
Imaging Radar: The only way to
explore inaccessible regions of the
Earth’s surface
Examples of Fields that use Digital Image
Processing
•
1.1- What is Digital
Image Processing?
Gamma-Ray Imaging
•
1.2- The Origins of Digital
Image Processing.
X-Ray Imaging
•
1.3- Examples of Fields
that Use Digital Image
Processing.
Imaging in the Ultraviolet Band
•
1.4- Fundamental Steps
in Digital Image
Processing.
•
1.5- Concepts of an Image
Processing System.
•
Case Studies
Imaging in the Visible and Infrared Bands
Imaging in the Microwave Band
Imaging in the Radio Band
Examples in which other Imaging Modalities are Used
Imaging in Radio Band
(MRI: Magnetic Resonance Image)
•
1.1- What is Digital
Image Processing?
•
1.2- The Origins of Digital
Image Processing.
•
1.3- Examples of Fields
that Use Digital Image
Processing.
•
1.4- Fundamental Steps
in Digital Image
Processing.
•
•
1.5- Concepts of an Image
Processing System.
Case Studies
Knee
Spine
Head
In this technique the patient is placed in a powerful
magnet and passes radio waves through his or her body
in short pulses.
Imaging in Radio Band
(Comparison of Different Imaging Modalities)
•
1.1- What is Digital
Image Processing?
•
1.2- The Origins of Digital
Image Processing.
•
1.3- Examples of Fields
that Use Digital Image
Processing.
•
1.4- Fundamental Steps
in Digital Image
Processing.
•
1.5- Concepts of an Image
Processing System.
•
Case Studies
Examples of Fields that use Digital Image
Processing
•
1.1- What is Digital
Image Processing?
Gamma-Ray Imaging
•
1.2- The Origins of Digital
Image Processing.
X-Ray Imaging
•
1.3- Examples of Fields
that Use Digital Image
Processing.
Imaging in the Ultraviolet Band
•
1.4- Fundamental Steps
in Digital Image
Processing.
•
1.5- Concepts of an Image
Processing System.
•
Case Studies
Imaging in the Visible and Infrared Bands
Imaging in the Microwave Band
Imaging in the Radio Band
Examples in which other Imaging Modalities are Used
Seismic Imaging
(Acoustic Imaging)
•
1.1- What is Digital
Image Processing?
•
1.2- The Origins of Digital
Image Processing.
•
1.3- Examples of Fields
that Use Digital Image
Processing.
•
1.4- Fundamental Steps
in Digital Image
Processing.
•
1.5- Concepts of an Image
Processing System.
•
Case Studies
Geological applications:
Use sound in the low end of the sound
spectrum(Hundreds of Hz)
Mineral and oil exploration
Ultrasound Imaging
•
1.1- What is Digital
Image Processing?
•
1.2- The Origins of Digital
Image Processing.
•
1.3- Examples of Fields
that Use Digital Image
Processing.
•
1.4- Fundamental Steps
in Digital Image
Processing.
•
1.5- Concepts of an Image
Processing System.
•
Case Studies
Electron Microscope Images
•
1.1- What is Digital
Image Processing?
•
1.2- The Origins of Digital
Image Processing.
•
1.3- Examples of Fields
that Use Digital Image
Processing.
•
1.4- Fundamental Steps
in Digital Image
Processing.
•
1.5- Concepts of an Image
Processing System.
•
Case Studies
Synthesis Images
•
1.1- What is Digital
Image Processing?
•
1.2- The Origins of Digital
Image Processing.
•
1.3- Examples of Fields
that Use Digital Image
Processing.
•
1.4- Fundamental Steps
in Digital Image
Processing.
•
1.5- Concepts of an Image
Processing System.
•
Case Studies
PET & MRI
•
1.1- What is Digital
Image Processing?
•
1.2- The Origins of Digital
Image Processing.
•
1.3- Examples of Fields
that Use Digital Image
Processing.
•
1.4- Fundamental Steps
in Digital Image
Processing.
•
1.5- Concepts of an Image
Processing System.
•
Case Studies
MR images show anatomy well while PET images show function
well.
By registering PET and MR brain images, anatomical and functional
information can be combined, making it possible to anatomically
locate brain regions of abnormal function.
PET & MRI
•
1.1- What is Digital
Image Processing?
•
1.2- The Origins of Digital
Image Processing.
•
1.3- Examples of Fields
that Use Digital Image
Processing.
•
1.4- Fundamental Steps
in Digital Image
Processing.
•
1.5- Concepts of an Image
Processing System.
•
Case Studies
Registration of MR and
PET brain images. The first
row shows the orthogonal
cross-sections of the MR
image, the second row
shows orthogonal crosssections of the PET image,
the third row shows the
images before registration,
and the fourth row shows
the
images
after registration.
Exemples of Imaging Modalistes
•
1.1- What is Digital
Image Processing?
•
1.2- The Origins of Digital
Image Processing.
•
1.3- Examples of Fields
that Use Digital Image
Processing.
•
1.4- Fundamental Steps
in Digital Image
Processing.
•
1.5- Concepts of an Image
Processing System.
•
Case Studies
MRI
UltraSound
Angiographie
X-rays CT
SPECT
PET
1.4 Fundamental Steps in Digital
Image Processing
Fundamental Steps in DIP
•
•
•
•
•
1.2- The Origins of Digital
Image Processing.
1.3- Examples of Fields
that Use Digital Image
Processing.
1.4- Fundamental Steps
in
Digital
Image
Processing.
Output is Image
Color Image
Processing
Wavelets and
Multiresolution
Processing
Compression
Morphological
Processing
Image Recognition
Segmentation
Image Enhancement
Knowledge Base
Representation &
Description
Image Acquisition
Object Recognition
1.5- Concepts of an Image
Processing System.
Case Studies
Input
Output is Image Attributes
•
1.1- What is Digital
Image Processing?
Hierarchical Image Pyramid
•
1.1- What is Digital
Image Processing?
•
1.2- The Origins of Digital
Image Processing.
•
1.3- Examples of Fields
that Use Digital Image
Processing.
•
1.4- Fundamental Steps
in
Digital
Image
Processing.
•
1.5- Concepts of an Image
Processing System.
•
Case Studies
High Level
Feature
Extraction
Transforms
Segmentation Edge
Detection
Preprocessing
Raw Image Data
Low Level
DIP Major Fields
•
1.1- What is Digital
Image Processing?
•
1.2- The Origins of Digital
Image Processing.
•
1.3- Examples of Fields
that Use Digital Image
Processing.
•
1.4- Fundamental Steps
in
Digital
Image
Processing.
•
1.5- Concepts of an Image
Processing System.
•
Case Studies
Computer Imaging application involving a human being in the
visual loop.
Consists of following major fields:
Image Restoration
Image Enhancement
Image Compression
Image Restoration
•
1.1- What is Digital
Image Processing?
•
1.2- The Origins of Digital
Image Processing.
•
1.3- Examples of Fields
that Use Digital Image
Processing.
•
1.4- Fundamental Steps
in
Digital
Image
Processing.
•
1.5- Concepts of an Image
Processing System.
•
Case Studies
Distorted
Image
Geometric Distorted
Image
Restored
Image
Restored
Image
Image Restoration
•
1.1- What is Digital
Image Processing?
•
1.2- The Origins of Digital
Image Processing.
•
1.3- Examples of Fields
that Use Digital Image
Processing.
•
1.4- Fundamental Steps
in
Digital
Image
Processing.
•
1.5- Concepts of an Image
Processing System.
•
Case Studies
(a)
(b)
An example of noise cleaning: (a) Image corrupted by impulse
noise with a density of 0.05 and (b) noise-cleaned image.
Original image is courtesy of the Center for Image Processing
Research, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute.
Image Restoration
•
1.1- What is Digital
Image Processing?
•
1.2- The Origins of Digital
Image Processing.
•
1.3- Examples of Fields
that Use Digital Image
Processing.
•
1.4- Fundamental Steps
in
Digital
Image
Processing.
•
1.5- Concepts of an Image
Processing System.
•
Case Studies
(a)
(b)
Image restoration
(a) Original clean image,
(b) Camera motion-induced blurred Image
(c) Deblurred Image.
(c)
Image Enhancement
•
1.1- What is Digital
Image Processing?
•
1.2- The Origins of Digital
Image Processing.
•
1.3- Examples of Fields
that Use Digital Image
Processing.
•
1.4- Fundamental Steps
in
Digital
Image
Processing.
•
1.5- Concepts of an Image
Processing System.
•
Case Studies
Poor Contrast
Image
Original
Image
Enhanced
Image
Sharpened
Image
Image Enhancement
•
1.1- What is Digital
Image Processing?
•
1.2- The Origins of Digital
Image Processing.
•
1.3- Examples of Fields
that Use Digital Image
Processing.
•
1.4- Fundamental Steps
in
Digital
Image
Processing.
•
1.5- Concepts of an Image
Processing System.
•
Case Studies
(a)
(b)
Sharpening an image: (a) original and (b) sharpened.
Image Enhancement
•
1.1- What is Digital
Image Processing?
•
1.2- The Origins of Digital
Image Processing.
•
1.3- Examples of Fields
that Use Digital Image
Processing.
•
1.4- Fundamental Steps
in
Digital
Image
Processing.
•
1.5- Concepts of an Image
Processing System.
•
Case Studies
(a)
(b)
Enhancing an image by histogram equalization:
(a) original image and
(b)enhanced image.
Image Compression
•
1.1- What is Digital
Image Processing?
•
1.2- The Origins of Digital
Image Processing.
•
1.3- Examples of Fields
that Use Digital Image
Processing.
•
1.4- Fundamental Steps
in
Digital
Image
Processing.
•
1.5- Concepts of an Image
Processing System.
•
Case Studies
Original image
Compressed image(1/20)
Compressed image(1/10)
Compressed image(1/30)
Image Engineering
•
1.1- What is Digital
Image Processing?
•
1.2- The Origins of Digital
Image Processing.
•
1.3- Examples of Fields
that Use Digital Image
Processing.
•
1.4- Fundamental Steps
in
Digital
Image
Processing.
•
1.5- Concepts of an Image
Processing System.
•
Case Studies
Image
Engineering
High
Layer
Image
Understanding
Middle
Layer
Image
Analysis
Low
Layer
Image
Processing
Feature
Measurement
Data
Out
Object
Representation
Image
Segmentation
Image
In
Low-level Processes
•
1.1- What is Digital
Image Processing?
•
1.2- The Origins of Digital
Image Processing.
•
1.3- Examples of Fields
that Use Digital Image
Processing.
•
1.4- Fundamental Steps
in
Digital
Image
Processing.
•
1.5- Concepts of an Image
Processing System.
•
Case Studies
•
Low-level Processes:
– Low-level processes involve primitive operations. Such as:
• reduce noise,
• contrast enhancement,
• image sharpening.
– A low-level process is characterized by the fact that both its
inputs and outputs are images.
Mid-level Processes
•
1.1- What is Digital
Image Processing?
•
1.2- The Origins of Digital
Image Processing.
•
1.3- Examples of Fields
that Use Digital Image
Processing.
•
1.4- Fundamental Steps
in
Digital
Image
Processing.
•
1.5- Concepts of an Image
Processing System.
•
Case Studies
•
Mid-level Processes:
– Mid-level processing on images involves tasks such as:
• segmentation (partitioning an image into regions or
objects),
• description of those objects to reduce them to a form
suitable for computer processing, and
• classification (recognition) of individual objects.
– A mid-level process is characterized by the fact that:
• its inputs generally are images,
• but its outputs are attributes extracted from those images
(e.g., edges, contours, and the identity of individual
objects).
High-level Processing
•
1.1- What is Digital
Image Processing?
•
1.2- The Origins of Digital
Image Processing.
•
1.3- Examples of Fields
that Use Digital Image
Processing.
•
1.4- Fundamental Steps
in
Digital
Image
Processing.
•
1.5- Concepts of an Image
Processing System.
•
Case Studies
•
High-Level Processing:
– Finally, higher-level processing involves
• “making sense” of an ensemble of recognized objects, as
in image analysis,
• performing the cognitive functions normally associated
with vision.
Image Analysis Tools
•
1.1- What is Digital
Image Processing?
•
1.2- The Origins of Digital
Image Processing.
•
1.3- Examples of Fields
that Use Digital Image
Processing.
•
1.4- Fundamental Steps
in
Digital
Image
Processing.
•
1.5- Concepts of an Image
Processing System.
•
Image Analysis Tools:
Image Segmentation
Image Transforms
Feature Extraction
Pattern Classification
Feature
Measurement
Image Analysis
Data Out
Object
Representation
Case Studies
Image
Segmentation
Image In
Image Analysis Tools
(Image Segmentation)
•
1.1- What is Digital
Image Processing?
•
1.2- The Origins of Digital
Image Processing.
•
1.3- Examples of Fields
that Use Digital Image
Processing.
•
1.4- Fundamental Steps
in
Digital
Image
Processing.
•
1.5- Concepts of an Image
Processing System.
•
Case Studies
Computer tries to separate objects from
the image background
It is one of the most difficult tasks in DIP
A rugged segmentation procedure brings
the process a long way toward successful
solution of an image problem
Output of the segmentation stage is raw
pixel data, constituting either the
boundary of a region or all the points in
the region itself.
Image Analysis Tools
(Feature Extraction)
•
1.1- What is Digital
Image Processing?
•
1.2- The Origins of Digital
Image Processing.
•
1.3- Examples of Fields
that Use Digital Image
Processing.
•
1.4- Fundamental Steps
in
Digital
Image
Processing.
•
1.5- Concepts of an Image
Processing System.
•
Case Studies
Representation +
Description
Transform raw data
A form suitable for the
Recognition Processing
Image Analysis Tools
(Pattern Classification)
•
1.1- What is Digital
Image Processing?
•
1.2- The Origins of Digital
Image Processing.
•
1.3- Examples of Fields
that Use Digital Image
Processing.
•
1.4- Fundamental Steps
in
Digital
Image
Processing.
•
1.5- Concepts of an Image
Processing System.
•
Case Studies
1.5 Concepts of an Image
Processing System
An Image Processing System
General Purpose Image Processing System
•
1.1- What is Digital
Image Processing?
•
1.2- The Origins of Digital
Image Processing.
•
1.3- Examples of Fields
that Use Digital Image
Processing.
•
1.4- Fundamental Steps
in
Digital
Image
Processing.
•
1.5- Concepts of an Image
Processing System.
•
Case Studies
Summary: Why do we need images?
•
1.1- What is Digital
Image Processing?
•
1.2- The Origins of Digital
Image Processing.
•
1.3- Examples of Fields
that Use Digital Image
Processing.
•
1.4- Fundamental Steps
in
Digital
Image
Processing.
•
1.5- Concepts of an Image
Processing System.
•
Case Studies
•
•
•
Various imaging modalities help us to see invisible objects due to
– Opaqueness (e.g., see through human body)
– Far distance (e.g., remote sensing)
– Small size (e.g., light microscopy)
Other signals (e.g., seismic) can also be translated into images to
facilitate the analysis
Images are important to convey information and support reasoning
A picture is worth a thousand words!
1.5 Case Studies
The steps of finding text position
•
1.1- What is Digital
Image Processing?
•
1.2- The Origins of Digital
Image Processing.
•
1.3- Examples of Fields
that Use Digital Image
Processing.
•
1.4- Fundamental Steps
in
Digital
Image
Processing.
•
1.5- Concepts of an Image
Processing System.
•
Case Studies
Gray Image with Bounding Box
Color Image
Gray Image
New Projection Profile
Edge Image
Binary Image
Filtering
Convert color image to gray level
•
1.1- What is Digital
Image Processing?
•
1.2- The Origins of Digital
Image Processing.
•
1.3- Examples of Fields
that Use Digital Image
Processing.
•
1.4- Fundamental Steps
in
Digital
Image
Processing.
•
1.5- Concepts of an Image
Processing System.
•
Case Studies
Red
Color Image
Green
Blue
‫ آن‬G ‫يک تصوير رنگي و کانال‬
•
1.1- What is Digital
Image Processing?
•
1.2- The Origins of Digital
Image Processing.
•
1.3- Examples of Fields
that Use Digital Image
Processing.
•
1.4- Fundamental Steps
in
Digital
Image
Processing.
•
1.5- Concepts of an Image
Processing System.
•
Case Studies
‫مراحل يافتن لبه توسط تبديل ويولت‬
•
1.1- What is Digital
Image Processing?
•
1.2- The Origins of Digital
Image Processing.
•
1.3- Examples of Fields
that Use Digital Image
Processing.
•
1.4- Fundamental Steps
in
Digital
Image
Processing.
•
1.5- Concepts of an Image
Processing System.
•
Case Studies
‫مراحل يافتن لبه توسط موجک‬
•
1.1- What is Digital
Image Processing?
•
1.2- The Origins of Digital
Image Processing.
•
1.3- Examples of Fields
that Use Digital Image
Processing.
•
1.4- Fundamental Steps
in
Digital
Image
Processing.
•
1.5- Concepts of an Image
Processing System.
•
Case Studies
‫خروجي الگوريتم‬
•
1.1- What is Digital
Image Processing?
•
1.2- The Origins of Digital
Image Processing.
•
1.3- Examples of Fields
that Use Digital Image
Processing.
•
1.4- Fundamental Steps
in
Digital
Image
Processing.
•
1.5- Concepts of an Image
Processing System.
•
Case Studies
Image Processing up to Image
Understanding
•
1.1- What is Digital
Image Processing?
•
1.2- The Origins of Digital
Image Processing.
•
1.3- Examples of Fields
that Use Digital Image
Processing.
•
1.4- Fundamental Steps
in
Digital
Image
Processing.
•
1.5- Concepts of an Image
Processing System.
•
Case Studies
Image Or Video
Text Detection
Text Localization
Text Extraction and Enhancement
Recognition (OCR)
Text
Text Tracking
Image Processing up to Image
Understanding
‫تصوير ورودی‬
•
1.1- What is Digital
Image Processing?
•
1.2- The Origins of Digital
Image Processing.
•
1.3- Examples of Fields
that Use Digital Image
Processing.
•
1.4- Fundamental Steps
in
Digital
Image
Processing.
•
1.5- Concepts of an Image
Processing System.
•
Case Studies
‫پيش پردازش‬
‫تصوير پيش پردازش شده‬
‫قطعه بندی‬
‫تصويرهای قطعات‬
‫استخراج ويژگی‬
‫بردارهای ويژگی‬
‫شناسائی‬
‫حروف شناسائی شده‬
‫پس پردازش‬
‫فايل متن‬
‫‪Image Processing up to Image‬‬
‫)‪Understanding (Preprocessing‬‬
‫آستانه گذاري براي ايجاد يك تصوير دودويي‬
‫حذف نويز‬
‫هموارسازي براي حذف قطعات زايد و پركردن چاله ها‬
‫پااليش براي حذف نقاط اضافي‬
‫اتصال حركات قلم جهت حذف برداشتهاي اضافي قلم‬
‫نرمال سازي اندازه براي استاندارد سازي اندازه ي حروف‬
‫از بين بردن کجي و شيب متن‬
‫حذف عالئم ثانويه‬
‫پرکردن حلقه ها‬
‫نازک سازي حروف‪ ،‬يافتن کانتور بيروني کلمات و استخوانبندي حروف براي نمايش خاص کلمه‬
‫در مرحله قطعه بندي‬
‫‪1.1- What is Digital‬‬
‫?‪Image Processing‬‬
‫•‬
‫‪1.2- The Origins of Digital‬‬
‫‪Image Processing.‬‬
‫•‬
‫‪1.3- Examples of Fields‬‬
‫‪that Use Digital Image‬‬
‫‪Processing.‬‬
‫•‬
‫‪1.4- Fundamental Steps‬‬
‫‪in‬‬
‫‪Digital‬‬
‫‪Image‬‬
‫‪Processing.‬‬
‫•‬
‫‪1.5- Concepts of an Image‬‬
‫‪Processing System.‬‬
‫•‬
‫‪Case Studies‬‬
‫•‬
Image Processing up to Image
Understanding (Segmentation)
•
1.1- What is Digital
Image Processing?
•
1.2- The Origins of Digital
Image Processing.
•
1.3- Examples of Fields
that Use Digital Image
Processing.
•
1.4- Fundamental Steps
in
Digital
Image
Processing.
•
1.5- Concepts of an Image
Processing System.
•
Case Studies
Image Processing up to Image
Understanding (Segmentation)
•
1.1- What is Digital
Image Processing?
•
1.2- The Origins of Digital
Image Processing.
•
1.3- Examples of Fields
that Use Digital Image
Processing.
•
1.4- Fundamental Steps
in
Digital
Image
Processing.
•
1.5- Concepts of an Image
Processing System.
•
Case Studies
‫قطعه بندي صفحه به متن‬
‫قطعه بندي متن به سطرها‬
)‫قطعه بندي سطر به کلمات(زيرکلمات‬
‫قطعه بندي زيرکلمات به حروف‬
‫قطعه بندي اعداد به ارقام‬
Image Processing up to Image
Understanding (Segmentation)
•
1.1- What is Digital
Image Processing?
•
1.2- The Origins of Digital
Image Processing.
•
1.3- Examples of Fields
that Use Digital Image
Processing.
•
1.4- Fundamental Steps
in
Digital
Image
Processing.
•
1.5- Concepts of an Image
Processing System.
•
Case Studies
‫‪Image Processing up to Image‬‬
‫)‪Understanding (Feature Extraction‬‬
‫ويژگيهاي قطعات بدست آمده از مرحله قطعه بندي استخراج مي شود‪.‬‬
‫ويژگيها در بردار ويژگي نگهداري مي شود‪.‬‬
‫ويژگيها اطالعات ضروري کاراکتر يا کلمه هستند که يک کاراکتر‪/‬کلمه را از ديگر‬
‫کاراکتر‪/‬کلمه ها متفاوت مي سازد‪.‬‬
‫ويژگيها جهت شناسايي و طبقه بندي قطعه به عنوان ورودي به شناساگر داده مي شوند‪.‬‬
‫ويژگيها آماري و ساختاري هستند‪.‬‬
‫‪1.1- What is Digital‬‬
‫?‪Image Processing‬‬
‫•‬
‫‪1.2- The Origins of Digital‬‬
‫‪Image Processing.‬‬
‫•‬
‫‪1.3- Examples of Fields‬‬
‫‪that Use Digital Image‬‬
‫‪Processing.‬‬
‫•‬
‫‪1.4- Fundamental Steps‬‬
‫‪in‬‬
‫‪Digital‬‬
‫‪Image‬‬
‫‪Processing.‬‬
‫•‬
‫‪1.5- Concepts of an Image‬‬
‫‪Processing System.‬‬
‫•‬
‫‪Case Studies‬‬
‫•‬
Image Processing up to Image
Understanding (Classification)
•
1.1- What is Digital
Image Processing?
•
1.2- The Origins of Digital
Image Processing.
•
1.3- Examples of Fields
that Use Digital Image
Processing.
•
1.4- Fundamental Steps
in
Digital
Image
Processing.
•
1.5- Concepts of an Image
Processing System.
•
Case Studies
.‫ طبقه بندي ش يء يعني حرف يا كلمه انجام مي شود‬،‫بعد از استخراج ويژگي‬
:‫روشهاي شناسايي‬
‫شبکه هاي عصبي‬
‫سيستمهاي خبره‬
‫ماشين يادگير‬
‫مدل مخفي مارکوف‬
‫کوانتيزاسيون برداري‬
‫نزديکترين همسايه‬-k
‫نزديکترين همسايه فازي‬-k
‫کمترين فاصله‬
‫درخت تصميم گيري‬
...‫روشهاي آماري و‬
Case Study: Eye Disease
‫تصوير چشم‬
•
1.1- What is Digital
Image Processing?
•
1.2- The Origins of Digital
Image Processing.
•
1.3- Examples of Fields
that Use Digital Image
Processing.
•
1.4- Fundamental Steps
in
Digital
Image
Processing.
•
1.5- Concepts of an Image
Processing System.
•
Case Studies
‫تصوير نهايي انتهاي چشم‬
•
1.1- What is Digital
Image Processing?
•
1.2- The Origins of Digital
Image Processing.
•
1.3- Examples of Fields
that Use Digital Image
Processing.
•
1.4- Fundamental Steps
in
Digital
Image
Processing.
•
1.5- Concepts of an Image
Processing System.
•
Case Studies
‫تصوير برداري از شبکيه چشم‬
•
1.1- What is Digital
Image Processing?
•
1.2- The Origins of Digital
Image Processing.
•
1.3- Examples of Fields
that Use Digital Image
Processing.
•
1.4- Fundamental Steps
in
Digital
Image
Processing.
•
1.5- Concepts of an Image
Processing System.
•
Case Studies
‫اثر بيماري قند بر شکيه‬
‫‪96‬‬
‫ شبكيه هاي عادي و غير عادي‬DR ‫تصاوير‬
•
1.1- What is Digital
Image Processing?
•
1.2- The Origins of Digital
Image Processing.
•
1.3- Examples of Fields
that Use Digital Image
Processing.
•
1.4- Fundamental Steps
in
Digital
Image
Processing.
•
1.5- Concepts of an Image
Processing System.
•
Case Studies
97
‫دياگرام الگوريتم پياده سازي شده‬
•
1.1- What is Digital
Image Processing?
•
1.2- The Origins of Digital
Image Processing.
•
1.3- Examples of Fields
that Use Digital Image
Processing.
•
1.4- Fundamental Steps
in
Digital
Image
Processing.
•
1.5- Concepts of an Image
Processing System.
•
Case Studies
98
‫تصاوير مراحل مختلف الگوريتم‬
•
1.1- What is Digital
Image Processing?
•
1.2- The Origins of Digital
Image Processing.
•
1.3- Examples of Fields
that Use Digital Image
Processing.
•
1.4- Fundamental Steps
in
Digital
Image
Processing.
•
1.5- Concepts of an Image
Processing System.
•
Case Studies
99