Review- Reasons for European
Settlement
 Desire for spices, fabrics, gold- things they couldn’t get in
England
 The Renaissance
 New navigation technology- stern rudders that could sail into
the wind
 Monarchs who want wealth and power with empires
 Converting Natives to Catholicism
 Mercantilism
Spain
 Mostly settled in Cuba, Mexico, California, American
Southwest, Florida
 Colonial administration in the hands of Spanish born
governors
 Eventually replace Indian slaves with African slaves
 Columbian Exchange
 Impact on Native people- destruction of civilizations,
diseases, intermarried with some natives, conversion to
Catholicism
France
 Claims in eastern Canada and Mississippi Valley
 Overlapped with England and Spain
 Controlled immigrations- no Huguenots
 Coexisted peacefully with Indians
 Wealth from fur trade
 Population growth much slower than other countries
 Dutch maintained a colony in NY from 1624-1665
England
 Factors that led to English exploration
 Religious controversy- Protestant vs. Catholic
 Glorious Revolution
 Foreign wars
 Other reasons English immigrated to America
 Economic gain
 Escape from political persecution
 Desire for religious freedom from non-Anglicans
Main Idea
 Between 1607 and 1763, North
American colonists developed experience
in, and the expectation of, selfgovernment in the political, religious,
economic, and social aspects of their
lives.
Virginia
 Jamestown 1607- settled by the London VA Company for economic
gain
 Saved from ruin/starving time by tobacco
 Most were Anglican and were wealthy Englishmen (Cavaliers)- received
land from the king, were the 2nd sons
 First Africans arrive in 1619- many became indentured servants,
eventually turn to slavery after Bacon’s Rebellion
 House of Burgesses in 1619- Starts representative government and
beginning of salutary neglect/self-government
 Fought with the Powhatan Indians twice- ended in 1644 with the
Indians banished from their land-suffered from disease, disorganization,
and disposability (no longer needed once the colonists knew how to
grow their own food)
New England
 Pilgrims- Plymouth Colony in 1620
 Leader was William Bradford
 Wanted to separate from the Church of England- separatists
 Originally fled to Holland, but didn’t like that their children
becoming more Dutch than English
 Negotiated with Jamestown to settle in Jamestown, but the
Mayflower was blown off course during the voyage and they
ended up in Massachusetts
 Had no government- wrote the Mayflower Compact- was an
agreement to submit to the will of the majority, created the
basis for government by consent and an example for selfgovernment of future colonies. Agreed to make decisions in
town meetings with open discussions.
New England
 Puritans- wanted to reform/purify the Church of England
 1629 got a royal charter to form the Massachusetts Bay Company
 11 ships carrying 1,000 people- bigger than any of the other English
settlements
 John Winthrop was the 1st governor
 Believed he had calling from God to lead the religious experiment
 “We shall be as a city upon a hill,” a beacon to humanity
 Thought they had a covenant with God, an agreement to build a holy
society to be a model for humankind
 Becomes the biggest and most influential of the New England
colonies
New England
 Dissenters began to develop in New England- people we persecuted
with fines, floggings, banishment, even death for disagreeing with
the strict Puritan society
 Ex. Ann Hutchinson- banished for her ideas on predestination, moved
to Rhode Island while pregnant with her 14th child
 Rhode Island Started by Roger Williams in 1636 after he was banished for his
radical ideas. Wanted a clean break from the church and challenged
the MA Bay Charter for taking the land from Indians
 Established complete freedom of religion even for Jews and Catholics,
no taxes for the church, etc.
 Made Rhode Island more liberal than any of the other English
settlements
New England
 Connecticut- 1636- Settled by Thomas Hooker to be a Puritan
colony. Made money by fishing and fur trading.
 New Hampshire- Started in 1623 to make money from
trading and fishing and to escape religious persecution.
Leaders were Benning & John Wentworth and John
Wheelwright.
New England
 Mostly founded for religious freedom
 Covenant Communities & Town Meetings
characterized the government
 Made money with fishing, lumber, ship building,
trading
 Little religious freedom- most were Puritans
 Small farms and towns characterized the landscape
Middle Colonies
 New York- 1625- started as a Dutch colony called New
Netherland around the Hudson River
 Bought Manhattan from the Indians for virtually worthless trinkets.
 New Amsterdam- becomes New York City- was run by the Dutch
Company to make money
 New England (English settlers) were hostile of the growth of the
Dutch colony and began to move into the area. The English
regarded them as intruders
 Charles II granted the land to his brother, Duke of York, who sent
an English squadron who beat the defenses of New Amsterdam,
who surrendered without firing a shot.
 Renamed New York in honor of the Duke of York in 1664
Middle Colonies
 Pennsylvania- Started by William Penn as a way to make
money, an experiment in government, and a haven for Quakersdissenters (Protestants that were not Anglican)
 1681 received a grant of land from the king due to a debt the king
owed his deceased father
 Called it Pennsylvania- meaning “Penn’s Woodland”
 Best advertised of any of the colonies- attracted English, Dutch,
French, and Germans
 Encouraged substantial land holdings
 Philadelphia was the most carefully planned city in colonial
America
 Purchased the land from the Indians
 Representative assembly, no-tax for church, freedom of worship
Middle Colonies
 New Jersey- 1664 by John Berkeley and John Carteret. Got the
land from the Duke of York in order to make money.
 Sold some of the land to a group of Quakers for religious freedom
 Delaware- Started in 1638 but gets its own government in
1703. Originally a Swedish colony, but taken over by the
English.
 Named after Lord De La Warr
 Worked closely with Pennsylvania
Middle Colonies
 Maryland- 1634 started as a Catholic colony to help Catholics
escape religious persecution
 Started by George Calvert (Lord Baltimore) and Cecilis Calvert
 Copies VA in order to make money by growing tobacco
 Passed the Maryland Act of Toleration in 1649
 Catholics were worried they would lose their religious freedom as
more protestants were moving in to Maryland from VA, DE, PA
 Passed the Act while Catholics still had power of the government
and protected their religious freedom
 Beginning of religious freedom in America, even though Jews and
atheists were still discriminated against
Middle Colonies
 Became known as the “bread colonies” due to their heavy
exports of grain
 Participated in the fur trading, lumbering, and ship building
 NY and Philadelphia grew to be huge seaports
 Had largest middle class
 Democratic local governments
 Most diverse (maybe “most American”) and most religious
toleration
Southern Colonies
 South Carolina- 1670 by eight nobles- Lords Proprietorsfriends of Charles II
 Colonization began again because Charles was brought back into
power- the Restoration
 Wanted to make money by growing sugar
 Rice emerges as the cash crop- wanted slaves from West Africa
who had experience growing rice in Africa
 Many wealthy British men moved to Carolina- 2nd sons- because
they had been deprived of land inheritance
 Became “aristocratic”
 Often fought with the Spanish in FL and the Indians
Southern Colonies
 North Carolina- originally started by “squatters” from VA and
SC. Fought with the SC governor for man years, until it was
eventually separated in 1712
 Regarded as “riff raff ” by the wealthier settlers of VA & SCthought to be hospitable to pirates and poor
 Just like Rhode Island- becomes one of the most democratic,
independent-minded, and least aristocratic of the 13 colonies
 Fought wars with the Tuscarora Indians- wins the war and sells
the Indians into slavery
Southern Colonies
 Georgia- Started in 1733- last of the 13 colonies. Created by
the crown to serve as a buffer between the Spanish in Florida
and the French in Louisiana and South Carolina.
 Got money from the crown to serve as the buffer
 Also started by James Oglethorpe who wanted to reform prisons
 Allowed debtors to come to Georgia to start over
 Tried to outlaw slavery but caves to pressure from SC who had
been losing slaves to GA
Southern Colonies
 Cash crops- tobacco, rice, indigo
 Slavery and plantation colonies
 Plantations and large rivers thwarted the growth of big cities,
schools, and established churches
 Allowed religious freedom- but Anglican the major religion
 Founded to make money
 Excessive tobacco growing drove settlers westward- which led
to multiple confrontation with Native Americans
Political Development
 By 1750 most colonies had become Royal- only RI & CT were still self
governing
 Structure:




Had a governor appointed by the king or proprietors
In New England- elected by property holding men
Two house legislature- elected by men
Local Government:
 New England- Town meetings- direct democracy, open voting
 Middle- Elected officials
 Southern- Plantation owners elected officials- House of Burgesses
 Began developing strong tradition of self-government- ex. Dominion of
New England imposed by the Crown and rejected by the colonists after
Glorious Revolution
Colonial Society
 Varied from region to region
 Southern/Chesapeake: more divided than the other two, most
of the wealth was in the hands of the large plantation owners,
however most of the society was poor farmers.
 Unhealthy in the beginning- swampy areas, in 1650 men
outnumbered women 6 to 1. Weak family ties and most women
were pregnant when they married.
 Many single young men, frustrated by not getting land, and not
able to find a woman to marry
 Women had more rights- were able to keep land in their name
since death was so common
Colonial Society
 New England Most came to the new world as families (unlike VA/MD)
 More stable society, which allowed for bigger population growth
 Women were not given many rights in order to encourage tighter
family ties between women and their husbands
 Small villages and towns, education was more of a priority than
in the south- first college-Harvard was founded in 1636
 Salem Witch Trials- 1692- demonstrated the change in society
 Girls accused property-owning women, families who had more
money, or who weren’t true Puritans
 Ended with the Governor’s wife was accused
 Religion, family, town meetings, all strong in the New England
society
Colonial Society
 Family: men had the most power; early marriages; many children
 Men: had all the property rights; only ones who could vote/hold
office
 Women: few legal rights, took care of children, food, clothes, house
hold products, etc.
 Standard of living and general health better than Europe- usually
lived 10 years longer
 Class structure began evolving based on wealth but there were many
more opportunities to move up the class ladder than in England
 2 indentured servants signed the Declaration of Independence
 Franklin only had 2 loaves of bread and his clothes when he arrived in
PA
Colonial Economy
 New England:
 Agriculture was based on small farms- subsistence farming, run by
families, not for export
 Fishing- sold to West Indies
 Lumber became a huge commodity for ship building
 Many merchants who helped with trading- Boston especially
 Clash with London’s mercantilist policies
 Middle
 Agriculture dominant- breadbasket colonies- wheat especially
 Merchants in New York and Philadelphia
 Largest middle class/artisans/merchants
Colonial Economy
 Southern:
 Plantations dominant over small farms
 Cash crops
 Tobacco in VA/MD
 Rice, Indigo in Carolinas
 Creates the need for a cheap labor sources- changes from Indians, to
Indentured Servants, to African slaves
 England tried to control the trade of the colonies with Navigation Actslimited who the colonies could trade with and what the colonies could
buy/sell. Becomes frustrating and limiting for the colonists as the
colonies begin to grow and outpace England in consumption of
products
 Salutary Neglect- England begins to relax the enforcement of the
Navigation Acts as long as the Colonies continue to sell to England and
buy English products
 Create a list of the characteristics of your region
 Motives for settlement, geography and climate, examples of
the unique society and culture that developed there.
 Which region would have been most geographically and
economically similar to England and most likely to have
compete with her?
 Which region would have been favored by England because
of the resources it could provide?
Map of the 13 Colonies
 Label the 13 colonies



Include date founded
Leader
Label the 3 regions
Put key words to describe the social structure and economy
 You have 15 minutes
Development of Slavery
 Begins with Indentured Servants in the South- voluntarily
mortgaging themselves for 4-7 years in order to come to America
 Headright System- used in the South- whoever paid the passage of
the laborer received 50 acres of land- led to huge land holders in the
south which become the Plantations
 100,000 indentured servants came to VA/MD by 1700
 As the indentured servants finished their time, the South was
flooded with a class of poor, endebted, landless settlers who
became frustrated with Indian attacks and the wealthy plantation
owners of the South
 Bacon’s Rebellion- Nathaniel Bacon led 1,000 Virginians in a
rebellion in 1676 to protest the Governor. They brunt down
Jamestown.
Development of Slavery
 Impacts of Bacon’s Rebellion Ignited the resentments of landless former servants and scared the
gentry of the plantations
 Plantation owners worried about the resentment of the lower class
looked for a less troublesome labor source and a way to unite
themselves with the white lower class
 Turn to African Slaves
 Need for cheap labor in the Southern society
 Originally used Native Americans, but they all die from disease
 Turn to Indentured Servants
 After Bacon’s Rebellion change to African slaves
Development of Slavery
 First Africans arrived in 1619
 Originally indentured servants
 Southerners also began to be able to afford slaves by the 1700s
 Saw them as self-renewing labor source
 Immune to diseases
 Knew how to grow rice- very high demand for these slaves in the
Carolinas
 By 1750 slavery was legal in all colonies
 Half the population of VA by 1750
 Outnumbered white colonists by 2 to one in SC
 By 1775 80 percent of slaves in colonies were American born
Development of Slavery
 Middle Passage Death rates has high as 20 percent
 Sold in Rhode Island and Charleston, SC
 SC slaves develop the Gullah culture and language
 NY Slave Revolt in 1712 and Stono Rebellion in 1739 in SC led
tighter control of slaves throughout the colonies and increased
fear of future revolts.
Rebellions & Conflicts in the
Colonies
Bacon’s Rebellion
 Tensions flared between Native Americans struggling to retain
land and independence and expanding settlers, especially white
freedmen who often squatted illegally on tribal lands
 Divided white society because Governor Berkeley, and wealthy
land owners, help fur-trade monopolies
 Colonists resented the governor
 Stung by low tobacco prices and taxes that took almost a
quarter of their yearly incomes, small farmers preferred the less
costly solution of waging a war of extermination
 Nathaniel Bacon, a newly arrived, wealthy planter and the
Governor’s relative inspired the lower class white planters
Bacon’s Rebellion
 300 colonists elected Bacon to lead them against the nearby
Indians in April 1676
 Bacon only found peaceful Indians, but killed them anyways
 Originally Governor Berkely granted Bacon permission to
wage war against the Natives, and when he tried to call Bacon
back, Bacon returned with is 1,300 followers with their guns
pointed at Jamestown
 Bacon and his men forced Governor Berkeley to flee and burned
Jamestown
 Right when Bacon was winning and becoming the leader of
Jamestown, he dies of dysentery and his followers dispersed
Bacon’s Rebellion
 Impacts of Bacon’s Rebellion Revealed a society under stress- example of long pent-up
frustrations by marginal taxpayers and former servants seeking
land
 Ignited the resentments of landless former servants and scared the
gentry of the plantations
 Showed the willingness of whites to murder, enslave, or expel all
Native Americas and made clear that racial hostility was also a
motive
 Plantation owners worried about the resentment of the lower class
looked for a less troublesome labor source and a way to unite
themselves with the white lower class
 Turn to African Slaves
Pequot War
 Begins in 1633 when settlers moved into the Connecticut River Valley
and created Connecticut in 1635. Tension quickly developed with the
Pequot Indians who controlled the trade in furs with the Dutch.
 Once tensions escalated into violence, MA and CT took coordinated
military action in 1637 beginning the Pequot War
 The English had support from two other tribes, the Mohegan and
Narragansett, and waged a ruthless campaign
 Ex. English troops surrounded and set fire to the Pequot village in CT
before dawn and then “cut down” all who tried to escape.
 Several hundred, including women and children, were killed.
 By late 1637 Pequot resistance was crushed and survivors were taken by
pro-English Indians or by the English as slaves
 The Pequot land was given to the colonists of CT and New Haven
 Created a 40-year peace treaty with the natives who helped the
Puritans.
King Philip’s War
 Anglo-Indian conflict increased in the 1670s because of pressures
imposed on Indians to sell more land and accept the authority of the
colonial governments
 Tension was especially high in the Plymouth colony where Metacom,
“King Philip,” was the leading Wampanoag chief.
 The English had convinced many of the Wampanoags to renounce
their loyalty to Metacom and forced Metacom to accept many
concessions
 In 1675, Plymouth hanged 3 Wampanoags for killing a Christian
Indian and threatened to arrest Metacom, which led to King Philip’s
War
 Eventually 2/3rds of the colonies’ Native Americans rallied around
Metacom, and unlike the Pequot's, they were familiar with guns and
were as well armed as the colonists.
King Philip’s War
 Indian raiders attacked 52 of New England’s 90 towns (entirely
destroying 12), burned 1,200 houses and killed 8,000 cattle, and
killed 2,500 colonists (5% of the population)
 The tide turned against Metacom in 1676 after the Mohawk
Iroquois of NY and other local Indians joined the English
against him.
 The colonists and their Native American allies scattered their
enemies and destroyed their food supplies
 5,000 Indians starved or died in battle, including Metacom, and
others fled to NY and Canada
 The English sold hundreds of captives into West Indian slavery,
including Metacom’s wife and child
King Philip’s War
 Effects:
 Reduced southern New England’s Indian population by 40%
and eliminated organized resistance to white expansion.
 Deepened English hostility toward all Native Americans,
even those who had supported the colonies.
 Remaining Natives were put onto early reservations
Pueblo Revolt
 From the beginning the Spanish sought to rule New
Mexico by subordinating the Pueblo Indians
 Used missionaries and forced the natives to convert to
Catholicism
 Used the encomienda system, using the natives as slaves
 Drove a wedge between the Pueblos and their nonfarming
neighbors since the Spanish took the Pueblo’s corn, thus
preventing the Pueblos from trading their surplus to their
neighbors, which led to the Apaches and Navajos leading
raids on the Pueblos in order to get corn
Pueblo Revolt
 Originally the Pueblos accepted Spanish rule, but in the 1660s
their crops withered under droughts
 Starvation and diseases sent the Pueblo population from 80,000 in
1598 to 17,000 in the 1670s
 In response Pueblos reverted back to their religious beliefs
hoping to restore the success they had before the Spanish

Missionaries destroyed Pueblo religious objects and publicly
whipped Pueblo religious leaders and followers
 In 1675 the Spanish governor sentenced 3 Pueblo religious
leaders to the gallows, a fourth killed himself, and 43 others
were jailed, whipped, and sold as slaves
 Pueblo leaders began planning a secret overthrow of the
Spanish government, with Popé as their leader
Pueblo Revolt
 In August 1680, Popé and his followers attacked the homes of 70
Spanish colonists, killing all but 2.
 They moved south and joined a massive siege of New Mexico’s
capital, Santa Fe.

Begins the “Pueblo Revolt”- the most successful Indian uprising in
American history
 400 Spanish colonists were killed
 The Spanish fled from New Mexico and did not return until 1692 with
a new Governor, Vargas
 Vargas used violence to reestablish Spanish rule, but did not
reestablish control until 1700, even then it was much more limited
than it was before.
 Got rid of the encomienda system and they were allowed to practice
their religion
Leisler’s Rebellion
 Restoration monarchs in England (Charles II & James
II) disliked representative government, they wanted to
rule like “absolute” monarchs
 James II (a catholic) consolidated MA, NH, CT, RI,
Plymouth, NY and NJ into a single administrative
unit, called the Dominion of New England, with
Boston as the capital
 The legislatures of these colonies ceased to exist, and a
single governor, Sir Edmund Andros headed the
“supercolony”
Leisler’s Rebellion
 New Yorkers were concerned that the Catholics in power
would betray NY to France, England’s rival
 Andros allowed the harbor’s forts to deteriorate and downplayed
rumors that Native Americans would attack
 Charles II & James II ignored Parliament and allowed
Catholics to hold high office and worship openly
 When James II had a son who would ascend to the throne,
English citizens could not tolerate another Catholic monarch,
so England’s leading political and religious leaders invited
Mary and her husband William to become king and Queen of
England
Leisler’s Rebellion
 William led a small Dutch army to England in 1688 and most
of the English troops surrendered and James II fled to France
 Known as the Glorious Revolution & created the “limited
monarchy”
 News that James II had fled England excited New England.
Boston’s militia arrested Andros, who had tried to flee in
women’s clothing, but was caught when a guard spotted a
“lady” in army boots
 King William dismantled the Dominion of New England, but
changed voting rights to be determined by property rights, not
church membership
Leisler’s Rebellion
 Emboldened by the Glorious Revolution and Boston’s
newfound rights, NY’s militia, consisting mostly of Dutch and
other non-English middle class, seized the harbor’s main fort on
May 31, 1689.
 Militia Captain Jacob Leisler took command of the colony,
reparied tis defense and called elections for an assembly
 When English troops arrived in NY in 1691, Leisler denied
them entry to the NY forts, thinking wrongly they were loyal to
James II
 A fight resulted and Leisler was arrested
Leisler’s Rebellion
 Emboldened by the Glorious Revolution and Boston’s
newfound rights, NY’s militia, consisting mostly of Dutch and
other non-English middle class, seized the harbor’s main fort on
May 31, 1689.
 Militia Captain Jacob Leisler took command of the colony,
reparied tis defense and called elections for an assembly
 When English troops arrived in NY in 1691, Leisler denied
them entry to the NY forts, thinking wrongly they were loyal to
James II
 A fight resulted and Leisler was arrested
Leisler’s Rebellion
 Leisler was arrested for questioning the elite NY authority and
was charged with treason.
 He was found guilty, along with his son-in-law, and both were
hanged
 Effects: Changed the colonies’ political climate by
reestablishing representative government and ensuring religious
freedom for Protestants. A foundation was laid for an empire
built on voluntary allegiance rather than submission to raw
power imposed by London
Stono Rebellion
 1739 in South Carolina
 20 Africans seized guns and ammunition from a store at the Stono River
Bridge, outside Charles Town
 80 men headed south towards Spanish FL, a well-known refuge for runaway
slaves from English colonies
 Along the way the slaves burned 7 plantations and killed 20 whites, but they
spared a Scottish innkeeper who was known for being kind to his slaves
 The SC militia surrounded the slaves and killed them mercilessly and left the
heads of runaway slaves on every milepost between that spot and Charles
Town
 After the rebellion, whites enacted a new slave code that kept slaves under
constant surveillance and reinforced the rigid, racist and fear-ridded
planation society
 Individually rank the wars, with 1 being the war with
the greatest impact on cultural change and
relationships between Native Americas and colonists,
and 6 being the war that had the least impact.
 You must have at least one piece of relevant historical
evidence
Great Awakening
 Earlier generations had relied on established authority figures
(parents, local clergy) for guidance
 By the middle of the 18th century, older authorities were less help
when established elites seemed to act out of self-interest—the result
was a widespread spiritual hunger that was unsatisfied by traditional
religion or Enlightenment philosophy
 By 1739 an outpouring of European Protestant revivalism spread to
North America
 Across lines of class, gender, and race
 Revivals represented an unleashing of anxiety and longing for
assurances of salvation, which they received through powerful
preaching of ministers who appealed to their audiences’ emotions
rather than their intellects
Great Awakening
 Revivalist ministers aroused their audience by depicting the
sinfulness of humans and the need for immediate repentance
 John Edwards and George Whitefield were the most
prominent revivalists
 20,000 would come to hear their speeches, weep at their
message, and were inspired to seek salvation
 In CT church membership increased from 630 in 1740 to 2,217
after Whitefield in 1741
 Division existed between the revivalists, known as New Lights,
and the rationalist clergy, or Old Lights, who dominated the
Anglican and Presbyterian churches
Great Awakening
 The “Great Awakening” or “revival” had opened
unprecedented splits in American Protestantism.
 In 1741 New and Old Light Presbyterians formed rival
branches and did not reunite until 1758
 The Great Awakening peaked in New England in 1742, and
Virginia in 1755 with an upsurge in conversions by Baptists
 Effects: Marked a decline in the influence of Quakers and
Anglicans; contributed to the weakening of officially
established denominations, as the number of Presbyterians
and Baptists increased
Great Awakening
 Led to creation of New Colleges




College of New Jersey (Princeton)
King’s College (Columbia)
College of Rhode Island (Brown)
Queen’s College (Rutgers)
 Marked the beginning of black Protestantism and attracted
Native Americans
 Added to white women’s religious prominence
 Gave women the right to vote in church meetings
 Blurred denominational differences among Protestants
Great Awakening
 By empowering ordinary people to act publicly on beliefs that
countered those in authority, the revivals laid some of the
groundwork for political revolutionaries a generation later
Enlightenment
 Combined confidence in human reason with skepticism
toward beliefs not founded on science or strict logic
 Franklin creates the American Philosophical Society in 1743
 Encourage enlightenment thought in America
 Americans drew on the revolutionary ideas as they declared
their independence from England and crated the foundations
of a new nation
 John Locke- natural rights, government gets their power from
the people, government rests in the consent of the government
Navigation Acts & Mercantilism
 Mercantilism- each nation’s power is measured by its
wealth- to secure wealth, a country needed to maximize its
sale of goods abroad.
 Colonies supply the raw materials and serve as markets for
finished products
 Navigation Acts
 Start in 1651- governed the commerce of the colonies
 Required the trade be carried out only in English boats
 Enumerated list- tobacco, rice, indigo, had to be exported
only to England
 Imports to the colonies had to go through England first
Salutary Neglect
 As long as the colonies continued to send raw materials and
buy the finished products, England would not enforce the
Navigation Acts
 Allowed colonists to develop self government and prosper
economically
 Causes tension when the British start enforcing the Acts after the
French and Indian war in order to make money
 Americans begin smuggling in products to avoid the taxes imposed
by the Navigation Acts
 Writs of Assistance- passed in order to get the colonists to stop
smuggling- they were a search warrant that allowed British
officers to seize illegally imported goods. Allowed them to enter
any ship or building where smuggled goods might be hidden.
 Create a graphic organizer that accurately illustrates the
relationship between the terms:
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triangle trade,
mercantilism,
Navigation Acts,
salutary neglect,
Parliament,
Virginia House of Burgesses,
Colonial governors
Middle Passage
French & Indian War
 Fought between the British and the French on every continent
except Australia
 In North America fighting started in the Ohio River Valley,
which was claimed by Virginia, Pennsylvania, France & the
Iroquois
 George Washington was sent to force the French out in 1754,
but he was defeated by the French- this clash begins the
fighting in North America
 England sends General Edward Braddock and 1,000 troops to
seize For Duquesne in Ohio
French & Indian War
 1755 Braddock took 2,200 British/Colonial soldiers and
fought 250 French Canadians and 600 Native Americans
 900 British died, including Braddock, while only 23 French and
Indians died
 England was being defeated on all fronts
 Turning Points
 Iroquois and Ohio Indians turned against the French and singed
a peace treaty to abandon the French in 1758
 Many Indians withdrew from fighting or joined the British
 William Pitt took control of the British
 Pitt promised Parliament would bear the cost of fighting the war,
which generated support from the colonists- provide 40,000
French & Indian War
 France begins negotiating to surrender in 1762 and the war
ends with the treaty of Paris in 1763
 France gave up all lands and claims east of the Mississippi to
England
 France ceded the territory west of the Mississippi to Spain
 All France had left was tiny fishing islands off Newfoundland
French & Indian War
 Increases tensions between the American colonists and the
British
 British officers complained about the colonists, how often they
would return home even during fighting, and for being unwilling
to provide food and shelter
 Pitt’s promise to reimburse the colonial assemblies angered most
in England who thought the colonists were escaping from the
war’s financial burden
 Colonists had profited from the war, which angered British
merchants
 England’s national debt doubled during the war from 72 million to
over 132 million, whereas the debt of the colonies was about 2
million- debt was assumed by British landowners through a land
tax
French & Indian War
 Increases tension between the American colonists and the
British
 Colonists felt that the British were deliberately trying to
“enslave” the colonies by making them indebted to the British
merchants
 Pontiac’s War- attacked British forts, but eventually made peace
with England.
 Proclamation of 1763- England tried to control the colonial
settlement west of the Appalachian mountains
French & Indian War
 England couldn’t afford to pay to protect colonists from the
Indians west of the line
 Angered colonists who had been granted that land in their
charters
 England left 10,000 soldiers in the Great Lakes to enforce the
line
 Cost of maintaining the military presence would be 6% of
England’s budget
 English citizens thought it was reasonable for colonists to help pay
for this expense
 Americans thought that this was a “standing army” that
threatened their liberty and blocked their expansion
French & Indian War
 Crash Course in French & Indian War
 What generated the struggle between France and England in
Europe? In America?
 What new military tactics were developed in response to the New
World? What technologies became necessary to support the tactics?
 What evidence was there of colonial disloyalty during the war?
 What vision of the American colonists did the British hold during
and after the French & Indian war?
 What consequences did the results of the French & Indian war have
for the 13 colonies? How did the war and its results further strain the
relations between the colonies and the Mother Country?