Specified Production
 Big science laboratories often need specialized parts
 Super-conducting magnets
 Large crystals
 Etc.
 American Superconductor
 Produces superconducting magnets/machines
 Has partnered with national labs such as Oak Ridge
 Annual Revenue of ~$400M
Proton Radiation Therapy
 Particle accelerators used to fire protons at tumors
 Delivers nearly all energy to a single point
 Less collateral damage
 CPAC – Compact Particle Accelerator Corporation
 Developing a DWA type accelerator for proton radiation
 Will be smaller/more flexible
 Teamed with Lawrence Livermo
Fiber Optics
 Optical fiber: a thin, flexible,
transparent fiber that acts as a
waveguide to transmit light
between the two ends of the
fiber
 Fibers are used instead of metal
wires because signals travel
along them with less loss and are
also immune to electromagnetic
interference
 Application:
 a medium for
telecommunication and
networking because it is flexible
and can be bundled as cables
Corning
 Drawing on more than 160 years of materials science and process
engineering knowledge, Corning creates and makes keystone
components that enable high-technology systems for consumer
electronics, mobile emissions control, and telecommunications
 invented the first low-loss optical fiber (error-free transmission)
 offers a full portfolio of fiber products to meet the demands of different
network applications, spanning from the desktop to the ocean
 Multimode fibers
 Bend-insensitive single-mode fibers
 Hundreds of times more bendable than standard single-mode fiber, enabling
deployment of fiber-to-the-home in apartment complexes and high-rises.
 Standard single-mode fibers
 Submarine fibers
 A portfolio of fibers for transoceanic and short-haul submarine networks.
Nuclear ENERGY
 The Manhattan Project
 1954 Amendments to the Atomic
Energy Act: allowed rapid
declassification of U.S. reactor
technology and encouraged
development by the private sector.
 http://www.neoenergyusa.com/
 http://www.nem.com.tw/
Terrapower
 Aim: to develop a sustainable and economic nuclear
energy system while greatly reducing proliferation
risks and creating new options for converting low-level
waste into vast energy resources
 Traveling Wave Reactor
 After an initial start-up with a small amount of low-
enriched material, this innovative reactor design can run
for decades on depleted uranium – currently a waste
byproduct of the enrichment process
 http://bcove.me/3ee648wn
Neo Energy Solutions, Inc.
 provides fundamental services and solutions to meet the demands
of the growing North American renewable energy market, with a
primary focus on wind and solar energy
 offers comprehensive solutions to the planning, permitting, design
and construction of wind farm development
 SOLAR ENERGY DEVELOPMENT
 Site Evaluation: calculate hours of sunlight, solar radiation levels and
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available square footage. evaluate the topography.
Preliminary and Environmental Studies: analyze and compare the
viability and profitability of the various technologies available on the
market. have environmental engineers on staff to address all
community and regulatory requirements.
Leasing and Utility Agreements: assist customers in negotiating
contract terms and pricing with utilities.
Engineering Design and ROI Analysis: select the best technology
design for the specific site and perform a feasibility analysis including a
budget
Regulatory Permitting and Construction: manage authorizations
and ensure compliance with environmental and zoning requirements. .
Nanotechnology Industry
 Nanotechnology industry: a commercial field that earns revenue by

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commanding matter on a molecular or atomic scale.
Examples: use of silver in food packaging and zinc oxide in cosmetics
and sunscreens.
The industry makes money by constructing devices and materials with
size 100 nanometers or smaller. It is expected that nanotechnology will
be widely applied in industries like electronics, energy production and
medicine.
The number of products produced by nanotechnology across the world
numbers more than 1,000 at present.
The nanotechnological industry is particularly conspicuous in the
medical field.
The science is used in manufacture of drug delivery vehicles, diagnostic
devices, physical therapy applications and analytical tools.
 Founded by CEO Larry Bock
 Nanosys is Boston-based company that develops
nanotechnology-enabled systems, with applications in
molecular sensing, optoelectronics, and
nanoelectronics.
 Bock’s track record of launching over a dozen life
science companies, and has helped Nanosys attract VC
capital during one of the toughest eras for financing–
last February the company announced $15 million in
Series B financing from five top-tier firms.
 Over 750 patents and patent applications that address a wide range of
industries including LED backlighting, LED general lighting, power
(batteries and fuel cells), medical applications, next generation NAND
Flash memories, Solar, Flat Panel Display driver transistors, and
specialized nano-surface coatings.
 Currently, Nanosys is focused on commercializing its
quantum dot and silicon composite anode materials for the
LED LCD and lithium ion battery industries.
Artificial Intelligence (AI)
 AI is a broad discipline that promises to simulate numerous innate
human skills such as automatic programming, case-based reasoning,
neural networks, decision-making, expert systems, natural language
processing, pattern recognition and speech recognition etc. AI
technologies bring more complex data-analysis features to existing
applications.
 Artificial Intelligence (AI)
has been used in business applications
since the early eighties.
Artificial Intelligence (AI)
 The potential applications of Artificial Intelligence are
abundant. They stretch from the military for autonomous
control and target identification, to the entertainment
industry for computer games and robotic pets, to the big
establishments dealing with huge amounts of information
such as hospitals, banks and insurances. We can also use AI
to predict customer behavior and detect trends.
 Arthur Samuels (in the 1950s) developed an expert
checkers-playing program that learned from
experience.
 Chess-playing program Deep Blue
 Artificial intelligence program Watson
 AI techniques and methodologies include learning,
Bayesian Reasoning, intelligent agents, knowledge
representation, logic programming, and planning. AI
applications include electronic commerce, intelligent
tutoring systems, knowledge management,
performance management, and exploratory vision.
IBM
 In 2010, IBM was ranked the 20th largest firm in the U.S. by Fortune
and the 33rd largest globally by Forbes.
X-Ray Crystallography
 X-ray crystallography uses X-rays to study the atomic
structure of any crystal imaginable. It is done by
bombarding the crystal we are interested in with an
intense X-ray beam multiple times from different
angles and the data is then used to make a 3d model of
the crystal structure.
X-Ray Crystallography (continued)
 Being able to understand these crystals has allowed for
a revolution in the way we are able to understand all
materials in our universe. Multiple applications from
DNA to minerals to semiconductors.
Why
Big
Science
 Many labs across the U.S. use accelerators to speed up
photons so that they give off extremely powerful X-rays
that can be used in industry.
 Circular vs. Linear
Companies
 Because X-ray crystallography has so many
applications in modern science, numerous companies
use this Big Science idea to their advantage.
 Many pharmaceutical companies use this technology
to discover new drugs that fit a protein description to
fight a certain disease. Many companies test
prospective proteins at Argonne.
Charles Supper Company
 This company was created in 1946 by Charles E.
Supper originally for manufacturing X-ray diffraction
cameras but today, they make nearly every instrument
needed for laser crystallography and sell this
equipment to labs.
Charles Supper Company
(continued)
 Some products include:
 Supper Goniometer Heads which hold the samples for
the crystallography
 Supper Spindle Stage to examine the crystals
 Many more
The Internet
 We all know the World Wide Web was created at
CERN and this by-product of Big Science has
revolutionized our lives in so many ways.
 Although the internet itself is free, there are still
numerous companies that have grown out of it.
Internet Service Providers
 With the gigantic advancement in internet expansion
in the past 10 years, it is almost necessary to have
internet to keep up with our modern society.
 Companies have taken advantage of this by providing
internet for a price and the competition has increased
exponentially in the past few years.
Internet Service Providers
(continued)
 Some companies: Comcast, AOL, EarthLink, MSN,
Verizon,…
 These companies must invest a lot of money into
getting their internet cables set up across the world.
Companies that Specialize on
Things on the Internet
 Take Google for instance, they provide search engines
and advertising for pretty much anyone that wants
their voice heard on the internet.
 Or Skype and how they have introduced a whole new
form of communication through the internet.
 These companies have grown to enormous powers
because of Big Science.
Commercial/Synthetic Biology
 Human Genome Project: 1990 - 2003
 The first gene synthesis companies (Entelechon and
Geneart) were founded in 1999
 Approximately 50 major gene synthesis companies
worldwide (as of 2008)
 Industry produces an estimated 50,000 genes per year with
individual firms producing anywhere from ten to 2,000
orders per month
 Since 2000, some companies have moved beyond drug
discovery into drug development
 More emphasis on downstream applications of their
technologies
Navigenics
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wYwBoSljfEk
Life Technologies
 Merge between Applied Biosystems and Invitrogen (and soon
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Geneart)
“Global biotechnology tools company dedicated to improving
the human condition”
“Our systems, consumables and services enable researchers to
accelerate scientific exploration, driving to discoveries and
developments that make life even better.”
Services include: personalized medicine, regenerative science,
molecular diagnostics, agricultural and environmental research,
and 21st century forensics
Sales: $3.3 billion in 2009
9,000 employees
Present in 160 countries
3,900 patents and exclusive licenses
History of Life Technologies
NewSpace – Private Spaceflight
 Principle technology born out of Space Race and
advances in space exploration technologies
 1999 MirCorp – first commercial space company that
worked with the Russian space program to send people
into space
 Wanted to offset costs of maintaining Mir (Soviet space
station)
 First privately funded launch of a man into space – April
– June of 2000
 Many privately funded and operated
corporations now looking into space
tourism
 NASA has stated it isn’t interested
in space guests to the ISS
 Space Adventures – founded in 1998
 As of October 2009, they’ve sent
seven clients into space.
 Also offer zero-gravity
atmospheric flights, orbital
spaceflights, and other
spaceflight-related experiences
including spacewalk training
 Working in cooperation with
Boeing which provides the
spacecraft used
Virgin Galactic
 Founded in 2004
 Plans to begin offering
passenger service to
paying customers
 initial seat price will be
$200,000, but that price
is expected to eventually
fall to $20,000
 Over 80,000 people
have already made down
payments for seats
Space Tourism Society
 Founded in 1996 and was the first organization
focused on maintaining the space tourism industry
 Non-profit
 "To conduct the research, build public desire, and
acquire the financial and political power to make space
tourism available to as many people as possible as soon
as possible."
Regulations on Space Tourism
 Dec 2005, US government released a set of proposed
rules for space tourism.
 Includes screening procedures and training for
emergency situations
 Under current US law, any company proposing to
launch paying passengers from American soil on a
suborbital rocket must receive a license from the
Federal Aviation Administration's Office of
Commercial Space Transportation
Remember This?
Main Sources:
 Coal
 1.074B tons produced in U.S. annually
 Mostly used for electricity generation
 ~60M tons exported annually
 Natural Gas
 545M cubic m produced annually
 653M cubic m consumed annually
 Petroleum
 6M barrels produced daily
 21M barrels consumed daily
 Mostly used in transportation sector
Problems for the Economy
 Unsustainable
 Energy Usage to Increase
 Production to Decrease
 Complete reliance on Foreign Resources
 Ex: Petroleum – 1.5M barrels imported daily

$15M a day at current prices ($5.475B a year)
 Cutoff  Halt of economy
 Global Warming?
 More potential problems that must be fixed
Why do we use it?
 Infrastructure already in place
 1493 coal-fired power plants in U.S.
 Ease of use:
 Just burn it!
 Large investment needed to switch
 New Infrastructure
 R&D
Consequences
 Energy Slaves
 Power gives us capabilities to do more work
 Currently, finite amount of work possible
 Limited by energy extraction technologies
 As other countries develop, resource pool diminishes
Other
Italy
Thailand
China
UK
India
France
Iran
Turkey
Egypt
USA
Germany
Philippines
mexico
Japan
Russion Fed.
Bangladesh
Indonesia
Pakistan
Brazil
Advancement of Current Technologies
 Advanced Oil Extraction Techniques
 Hydraulic Fracking
 Horizontal Drilling
 Alternative Natural Gas Sources
 Methane hydrates under the ocean
 Cleaner Burning Techniques
 Carbon Sequestering
In the End…
Bite the bullet…
We need…
Imminent need for Renewable Energy
 Low energy consumption
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causes poverty
The primary source of energy,
fossil fuel, is finite
U.S. production is down 40
percent from its peak (1970) ->
significant dependence on
foreign oil
Sources of oil and gas will be
exhausted within 40–60 years
Consumption is on the rise —
as much as 30 percent in the
U.S
Renewable Energy

Forms of Renewable Energy
 Wind power
 Hydropower
 Solar energy
 Biomass
 Bio fuel
 Geothermal energy
 Renewable energy replaces conventional fuels in four distinct areas:
 power generation



Renewable energy provides 18 percent of total electricity generation worldwide
14 percent in the U.S. state of Iowa
Iceland (100 percent), Brazil (85 percent)
 hot water/ space heating
 transport fuels
 Renewable bio fuels -> a significant decline in oil consumption in the United States since 2006
 The 93 billion liters of bio fuels produced worldwide in 2009 displaced the equivalent of an
estimated 68 billion liters of gasoline, equal to about 5 percent of world gasoline production
 rural (off-grid) energy services
Renewable energy and its benefits
 Use of ethanol for
transportation
 Nearly all the gasoline sold in
the United States today is mixed
with 10 percent ethanol, and
motor vehicle manufacturers
already produce vehicles
designed to run on much higher
ethanol blends.
 automobile companies sell
“flexible-fuel” vehicles that can
use gasoline and ethanol blends
ranging from pure gasoline up to
85% ethanol.
Economic benefits of reducing
environmental impact
 human health costs, in the form of health treatment
costs, higher health insurance rates, missed work, and
lost life
 According to a survey of the Pace University School of
Legal Studies and studies by the American Lung
Association, the annual US health costs from all air
pollutants may be as high as hundreds of billions of
dollars
 reduce the costs for neighboring industry to comply
with environmental regulations.
Renewable energy and its benefits
 The California Energy Commission
estimates that the 600 MW of new
renewables will induce
 $700 million in private capital
investment
 10,000 construction jobs, with over
$400 million in wages
 900 ongoing operations and
maintenance jobs with $30
million in long-term salaries
 gross state product impacts of $1.5
billion during construction and $130
million in annual ongoing operations
Renewable energy and its benefits
 A UCS analysis for Wisconsin:
 over a 30-year period, an 800-megawatt mix of new
renewables would create about 22,000 more job-years
than new natural gas and coal plants would
 A New York State Energy Office study:
 wind energy would create 27 percent more jobs than
coal and 66 percent more than a natural gas plant per
kilowatt hour generated
Renewable energy and its criticism
 Renewable electricity production is sometimes
criticized for being variable or intermittent.
 International Energy Agency- deployment of renewable
technologies usually increases the diversity of electricity
sources and contributes to the flexibility of the system
U.S. VS OTHER INDUSTRIAL COUNTRIES
 Other industrial countries are leaping ahead of the
United States in renewable energy production.
 In fact, Japan and various European nations are
encouraging the development of renewables by
providing greater subsidies than does the United States
Renewable energy and nimby
 There have been "not in my back
yard" (NIMBY) concerns
 renewable-energy projects would
occupy vast amounts of land to
produce significant amounts of
power

In California, some residents are
fighting proposals to build vast solarenergy plants in the Mojave Desert in
fear that they will mar views and lower
property values.
The role of federal government
 Around the world, countries that have rolled out fossil-fuel
alternatives most aggressively have used heavy-handed
government action to address such sentiment.
 France, for example, now produces about 80% of its
electricity from nuclear energy. But France's national
government manages the country's nuclear-construction
program, and it has pushed ahead for decades despite
sometimes-heated public protests
 A Senate committee passed a bill that would give the
federal government authority to decide where to put new
power lines if states, which now make those decisions,
move too slowly.
Investment on Health
to Revitalize the Economy
 Health performance and economic performance are interlinked.
Wealthier countries have healthier populations for a start.
 Poverty adversely affects life expectancy.
 National income has a direct effect on the development of health
systems, through insurance coverage and public spending, for instance.
 While health expenditures are determined mainly by national income,
they increase faster than income.
Health and Economy
 Economic evidence confirms that a 10% improvement in life
expectancy at birth is associated with a rise in economic growth of
some 0.3-0.4 percentage points a year.
 Disease hinders institutional performance too. Lower life expectancy
discourages adult training and damages productivity. Similarly, the
emergence of deadly communicable diseases has become an obstacle
for the development of sectors like the tourism industry, on which so
many countries rely.
National Institutes of Health
 The National Institutes of Health (NIH), a part of the U.S.
Department of Health and Human Services, is the nation’s
medical research agency.
 The NIH provides leadership and direction to programs
designed to improve the health of the Nation by conducting and
supporting research:
 in the causes, diagnosis, prevention, and cure of human diseases;
 in the processes of human growth and development;
 in the biological effects of environmental contaminants;
 in the understanding of mental, addictive and physical disorders;
and
 in directing programs for the collection, dissemination, and
exchange of information in medicine and health
Cons to Investing in Big Science to
Revitalize the U.S. Economy
 What do you think?
Cons to Investing in Big Science to
Revitalize the U.S. Economy
(continued)
 Although Big Science projects can provide many
manual labor jobs for Americans, once the project is
built, the skill level required to continue to work on
the project is much higher once the project starts.
 Big Science projects have a finite lifetime so we need to
come up with new ways to advance a project if we hope
to use it to sustain the economy for a long time.
 The cost of big science projects cause us to invest even
more money and we don’t know for certain that it will
produce the results we expect.
Pros to Investing in Big Science
 “Investment in big science creates good jobs across the economy; there
is large need so the money will be spent immediately, and it represents
an investment in the infrastructures of research and higher education
that are vital to the future.”
 Basic science research in the U.S. is largely funded by grants to
individual investigators or national laboratories from the NIH, NSF,
and the DOE.
 Money spent immediately to support research programs already
approved, salaries for laboratory scientists, purchases of supplies
and equipment (most from small U.S. businesses) and institutional
expenses of the colleges, universities and medical schools where
researchers work
 Families USA has estimated that each $1 billion of NIH research grant
funding creates more than 15,000 jobs with an average wage of $52,000
a year and generates $2.21 billion of new business activity