Latin America,
Civilizations in Crisis,
Russia and Japan in
1750-1914
Chapters 25-26-27
AP World History
Mr. Bartula
Latin America



Latin America was the first
world region to be
colonized and dominated
by Europeans
At the beginning of the
1750-1914 period it was
dominated by the Spanish
and the Portuguese
Ideas from the European
Enlightenment spread to
Latin America and found
support, particularly
among the creoles
Influence from outside Latin America


The American and French Revolutions
excited the creoles and mestizos who
hoped for political and economic change in
Latin America
Napoleon’s campaigns and invasions of
Spain and Portugal meant Latin America
was ignored by the Europeans during most
of the early 1800s.
Haiti


1791: a slave revolt
overthrew the French
colonial government and
created an independent
republic under Touissant
L’Ouverture
The more radical
elements of the French
Revolution and the idea
of black/mestizo revolts
frightened the Creole
elites in Latin America
Mexico


1810: First rebellion under Father Miguel
de Hidalgo, who was supported by
mestizos and Indians
Mexican creoles did not support Father
Hidalgo’s revolt, and it failed
Mexico





1820: A second revolution
broke out with Creole support.
1821: Augustin de Iturbide
was declared emperor of
Mexico
1824: Mexico became a
Republic
Mexico initially included all of
Central America
Considered a Conservative
revolution as few social
changes occured
Brazil



King Joao VI and the
Portuguese Royal Family
fled to Brazil during the
Napoleonic wars
1822, the King’s son
proclaimed
independence, and
became Emperor Dom
Pedro I
Also considered a
Conservative revolution
The Liberal Revolutions of South
America



1817-1822 Simon Bolivar, a
creole, led independence
struggles in northern South
America.
The new nation of Gran
Colombia was formed from
present day Venezuela,
Colombia, and Ecuador
Bolivar admired the United
States and wished to introduce
similar plans of government
and societies in South
America
The Liberal Revolutions of South
America



In southern South
America, another creole,
Jose de San Martin, led
the independence struggle
Argentina, Chile, and Peru
all gained independence
by 1825
San Martin also admired
the United States and
wished to emulate its
government and society
More Conflict and Division in Latin
America
Central America became independent of Mexico,
formed a united nation, then broke up into
independent states by 1838
Gran Colombia split into Venezuela, Ecuador, and
Colombia in 1830
Paraguay and Uruguay became independent of
Argentina
Bolivia separated from Peru by 1839
Mexico lost its northern territories to the US in the
Mexican War 1846-1848
Problems of the New Latin American
Nations






Poor transportation and communication
Creole elites and the Roman Catholic Church held most
political power
Liberal and Conservative Parties in most Latin American
nations controlled by Creoles, followed similar policies
Army officers called caudillos ruled most nations as
dictatorships
Women, mestizos, and Indians had little or no power
Small middle classes called for reform, but were blocked by
the elites
Dependent Economies



Latin American economies were dominated
by European and increasingly, American
interests
Minerals,agricultural products, sugar,
rubber, and coffee were important exports
Little industry
US Influence in Latin America



1823 The US government
announced the Monroe
Doctrine to protect the
new Latin American
nations
Britain supported the
Monroe Doctrine in order
to protect its trade with
Latin America
The Monroe Doctrine
caused the United States
to gain influence and
power over Latin America
Mexico



The defeat in the Mexican War
caused the overthrow of the
caudillo, Santa Anna, and the
creation of a liberal
constitution in Mexico
1855: La Reforma, a period of
liberal reforms and
democratization, began
1861: Benito Juarez, a Native
American, was elected
President
Mexico



1862: France invaded
Mexico, with conservative
support. Juarez was
forced to retreat into
Northern Mexico.
Maximilian von Hapsburg
and his wife Carlota were
installed as Emperor and
Empress of Mexico by the
French
Juarez led the conflict
against the French for the
next five years
Mexico



1865: After the Civil War
ended, the US invoked the
Monroe Doctrine and ordered
the French to leave Mexico
1867: Abandoned by the
French, Maximilian was
captured and shot, and Juarez
resumed power until his death
in 1872
After the death of Juarez,
General Porfirio Diaz took
power and ruled as a caudillo
until 1910
Brazil



Under the liberal Dom
Pedro II, Brazil became
one of the most
prosperous Latin
American nations
After the abolition of
slavery in 1888, Dom
Pedro II was overthrown
and a republic was
declared
Caudillos controlled Brazil
most of the time thereafter
Civilizations in Crisis: The Ottomans



The Ottoman Empire had been wealthy and
prosperous for most of the 17th and 18th centuries.
The development of new trade routes by the
Europeans led to a loss of revenue by the
Ottomans
The Ottomans didn’t industrialize and fell under
European influence as European power increased
Ottoman Weaknesses in the 19th
Century





“The Sick Man of Europe”
Weak, uneducated, sultans
Janissaries
Corruption
Increasing economic domination by
Europeans
Mahmud II (1808-1839) and the
Tanzimat Reforms




Energetic Sultan who
recognized reform was
necessary
1824: Executed 25,000
Janissaries
Tanzimat reforms introduced
western style education; postal
system and telegraph;
railroads. European advisors
to help industrialize and
Westernize
Changes in the status of
women were discussed but
not implemented
Continued Problems for the Ottomans



Sultans after the death of Mahmud II were
not as interested in reform
Europeans preferred to keep the Ottomans
as customers and thus did not encourage
industrialization
European nations, particularly Austria and
Russia, desired Ottoman territories
European Expansion into Ottoman
lands



1853-1856 The Crimean
War: Russia invaded the
Balkans
1877-1878 Russo-Turkish
War: Russia forced
Ottomans to grant
independence to the
Balkans
1912-1913 Balkan Wars:
Balkan nations and
Ottomans in conflict,
forerunner of World War I
Fall of the Ottoman Empire


1908: Reform minded “Young
Turks” forced the abdication of
the Sultan, began program of
Westernization and
modernization
1914-1918 The Ottomans
joined the Central Powers in
World War I. After their
defeat, the Ottoman Empire
collapsed
Other Muslim Territories and
European Influence





In 1801 Muhammad Ali became
ruler of Egypt (part of Ottoman
Empire, but actually independent)
Muhammad Ali attempted
Westernization and
industrialization
Europeans who wanted Egypt to
produce only cotton blocked these
reform efforts
The French and British
governments forced the Egyptian
government to allow them to
construct the Suez Canal in the
1860s
Egypt became part of the British
Empire by the 1880s
Other Muslim Territories and
European Influence



1870s: The Mahdist revolt
against the British in the
Sudan led to conflict in central
Africa
After some successes, the
Mahdist forces were finally
defeated at Omdurman in
1898
The British and other
Europeans then extended their
power in Muslim regions
Qing Dynasty China (1644-1911) and
Western Influence



1700s: Chinese economy and society was
strong and prosperous
China had large positive balance of trade
thanks to the trade in silver for Chinese
products like silk, porcelain, and tea.
Enlightenment leaders in Europe pointed to
China as a positive example.
The Three Greatest Qing Emperors
Kangxi (1662-1722)
 Yongchen (1723-1735)
 Qianlong (1736-1795)
China experienced massive
commercial development
without industrialization.
Having a unified empire meant
China never felt the need to
expand or colonize
China felt superior to Europeans,
whose trade they restricted
and whose missionaries were
banned

European Difficulties Trading With
China




China’s demand for silver
created a negative balance of
trade for Europeans
China restricted European
trade as soon as the first
Portuguese arrived in the
1500s
China refused to allow free
trade by Europeans:
Europeans could trade only
through one port
China required foreigners to
be subservient and considered
trade to be “tribute” to the
Emperor
Early Signs of Chinese Decline, 1800




Large population lacked sufficient food
Corruption in the examination system and
other government offices
Increasing number of peasant revolts
Natural disasters increasing
The Opium Trade




Opium used as medicine and narcotic in
China since 17th century (widely used in
other areas, too)
Criminalized by Qing Emperors in 1729
India a major opium producer
British East India Company began to bring
opium into China in early 1800s
British Opium
Warehouse in
Patna, India
Effects of the Opium Trade on China




1836: Opium the single most valuable
import into China
China now had a negative trade balance
1% of China’s population and 20% of its
ruling classes were soon addicted to opium
1839 Chinese officials seized and
destroyed 3 million pounds of opium from
British merchants, resulting in . . .
The Opium Wars 1839-1842, 18561860


British forces using modern
weapons quickly defeated
Qing forces and captured
several cities. It was the first
war in which iron steamships
were used
In the second Opium War,
several Chinese cities were
destroyed, and the
Emperor’s Summer Palace
outside Beijing was burned.
This is still regarded by the
Chinese as a symbol of
European barbarism
The Summer Palace
Results of the Opium Wars







Treaty of Nanking (1842) and
Treaty of Tientsin (1860) were
humiliations for China
Chinese ports were opened to the
West (Hong Kong)
Westerners were allowed to open
legations (embassies) in Beijing
Foreign vessels allowed to
navigate freely on Chinese rivers
Extraterritoriality granted to
foreigners
Chinese forced to pay indemnities
to the West
Foreigners (traders, missionaries)
allowed to travel without
restrictions in China
Western steamship in Chinese harbor
The Taiping Rebellion




1850s-1860s,
southern China
Hong Xiuquan
Anti-Confucianism,
rights for peasants
and women
Finally crushed after
about twenty years,
but at terrible cost
Self-Strengthening Movement




1870s-1880s, aimed at countering Western
power in China through modernization
Develop Western technology, industry,
weapons, and education
Preserve Confucianism as superior to
Western thought (“Western machines,
Eastern thought”)
Failed due to opposition from Qing rulers
Dowager Empress Ci Xi (1835-1908):
An obstacle to Chinese self
strengthening
The Failure of Self-Strengthening



By the 1890s it was obvious self-strengthening
had failed
In the Sino-Japanese War 1894-95, Japan
invaded China and conquered northern territory.
This reversed the historic relationship of Japan
and China
In the Boxer Rebellion of 1900, the Dowager
Empress made a final attempt to drive foreigners
out of China. It resulted in the occupation of large
sections of China by Western nations and Japan
Foreign armies in China in 1900
Carving Up The Melon


Western powers and
Japan began carving
China into spheres of
influence
The US inspired the
Open Door Policy
allowing free trade
within China (first
major US foreign
policy initiative)
The Chinese Revolution: 1911-12



Western educated Chinese
called for reforms and
Westernization in the early
1900s
They fomented rebellions
throughout China which
weakened the Qing
government
Sun-Yat-sen, a western
educated doctor, led the revolt
which toppled the Qing
Dynasty and established a
Chinese republic
Russia and Japan: Industrialization and
Modernization Outside the West




Both Russia and Japan managed to avoid
Western domination in the 1750-1914 period
Both industrialized later than the West, but were
able to do so quickly
Both had prior experience with cultural imitation,
and both practiced it during this period
Both practiced imperialism and came into conflict
with each other over territory in Asia
Russia in the Nineteenth Century


Earlier Russian rulers
had sought to modernize
Russia without making
fundamental changes in
Russian society
1812: Napoleon’s
invasion of Russia
frightened the Tsar and
ruling classes and
caused them to seek
isolation for Russia
Russia Under Tsar Alexander I 18011825



Grandson of Catherine
the Great, originally
reform minded
Became increasingly
conservative and
reactionary after
Napoleon’s invasion
Sponsored the Holy
Alliance to safeguard
Europe from revolution
The Decembrist Revolt, 1825



Attempt by Western minded
army officers and intellectuals
to force a democratic
constitution after the death of
Alexander I
Tsar Nicholas I (1825-1856)
crushed the revolt and ruled
as an extreme reactionary
Russia remained agricultural
and made few moves towards
industrialization
The Crimean War 1854-1856





Conflict between Russia
and Ottoman Empire
Britain and France fought
on the side of the
Ottomans
First “industrialized” war
Bloody, violent conflict
which Russia lost
Tsar Nicholas I died in
humiliation
Tsar Alexander II 1856-1881






The new Tsar recognized the
need to make reforms
1861: Serfs liberated, but
required to pay rent to the
landowners
Railroad construction
Industrialization
Small middle class began to
develop in Russian cities
Zemstvos, or local councils,
set up to help govern, but no
fundamental reforms were
made and the Tsar remained
am absolute monarch
The People’s Will and other groups



Impatient with the slow reforms, some
Russians formed terrorist groups
The most notorious was The People’s Will,
which condemned Alexander II to death
After several assassination attempts failed,
The People’s Will managed to murder
Alexander II in 1881
Sophia Perovskaya and Vera Figner
The Assassination of Alexander II
Execution of People’s Will members
Tsar Alexander III 1881-1894



Reactionary ruler who
stamped out dissent in
Russia
Implemented
Russification program
on minority groups
within Russia
Encouraged pogroms
or massacres of Jews
The Growth of Marxism in Russia


Karl Marx believed Russia was unlikely to
have a Marxist revolution because it was
primarily agricultural, had few cities, and a
small middle class
In the 1890s Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov (Lenin)
developed a version of Marxism designed
to work in Russia called Marxism-Leninism
Marxism-Leninism




Revolution in Russia
would be led by small,
well-organized elites or
cadres
Revolution would seize
power, and then would
be accepted by the
people
No mass uprisings
Lenin’s followers were
known as the Bolsheviks
Tsar Nicholas II 1894-1917




Tried to maintain the
absolute monarchy
Lost the Russo-Japanese
War of 1904-05
Led to the Revolution of
1905, in which Nicholas
was forced to grant some
powers to a Duma, or
national legislature
Eventually led Russia
into World War I
Nicholas II and his family
Japan in the nineteenth century




In isolation since early
1600s
Dutch Studies group
maintained some links
with the outside world
Japanese well aware of
the problems China was
suffering
1853: United States sent
Commodore Matthew
Perry and several ships to
Japan to request trading
rights
Japanese Modernization Begins


1868: New Emperor
Meiji took throne
Reform minded
samurai and younger
leadership forced the
Tokugawa Shogun to
retire. Beginning of
the Meiji Era of
modernization
Meiji Modernizations and Reforms



New constitution based on Germany’s was
implemented, setting up a Diet (legislature)
with a Prime Minister
Zaibatsus (corporations with strong
government support) were formed to
encourage rapid industrialization
Japan’s military adopted Western weapons
and fighting techniques
The Japanese Empire


Japan defeated China in the SinoJapanese War (1894-95) and took control
of some northern Chinese territory
Japan defeated Russia in the RussoJapanese War (1904-05) and took control
of Korea
Other Results of the Meiji Era




Japan became an urbanized, industrialized
society overnight, depending on exporting factory
made goods
Japanese women supplied much of the industrial
labor
The traditional Japanese religion of Shinto
enjoyed a revival
Growing Japanese power led to fears in the West
of the “Yellow Peril” and restrictions on Japanese
immigration in the US.