QUESTIONS IN REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
DEFINE
Spermatogenesis
Puberty
Menopause
Gynecomastia
Cryptorchidism
Varicocele
Hydrocele
MENTION
-The male secondary sexual characteristics
-The female secondary sexual characteristics
-Female factors leading to infertility
- Male factors leading to infertility
- Causes of gynecomastia
- Effects of cryptorchidism
- Dysmenorrhea
- Complications of cryptorchidism.
FILL
-Spermatogenesis requires approximately -----months.
- From each primary spermatocyte, ------- viable sperm (each with 23 chromosomes) are produced.
-Spermatogenesis occurs in the -tubule under the control of two pituitary hormones ,---------------------- and
------------------- and the sex hormones, primarily ----------------------.
- ------------- is a protein hormone released from the anterior pituitary in response to a stimulating hormone
from the hypothalamus: gona-dotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) .
-The final effect of --------------------- is to cause proliferation and differentiation of the immature sperm.
---------- is a protein hormone released from the anterior pituitary in response to stimulation by GnRH. It
stimulates the synthesis of the steroid hormone testosterone.
- Male secondary sexual characteristics are under the control of --------------------------- -----------------------involves the characteristic changes in the endometrial lining of the uterus.
------------------------- is the cyclic maturation and release of an ovum. It involves the growth of a follicle and
ovulation of the ovum .
--------------- levels initiate a profound, final growth of the follicle, and then rupture, releasing the ovum into
the abdominal cavity.
The female secondary and associated sexual characteristics are under the control of ------------------------ ------------------is the beginning of sexual maturation.
---------------------- is defined as a lack of menstrual cycles for the previous 12 months.
Menopause occurs in a woman when her ovaries no longer respond to -------------- and -----------------with estrogen and progesterone production, and no longer release an ovum
--------------- is the inability or reduced ability to produce offspring.
Infertility in a couple may occur from the start of the relationship (--------------------) or after the couple has
already produced one or more offspring (-----------------------------).
-------------------------is the enlargement of breast tissue in males. It can result from excess production of -------------- in the male or the liver's inability to break down normal male estrogen secretions. ----------------- is painful menstruation that occurs without evidence of pelvic infection or disease.
-Dysmenorrhea is usually caused by excessive release of a specific ------------------------, from the uterine
endometrial cells.
---------------- is the absence of a menstrual cycle. It is considered ------------------ if a woman has never had a
menstrual cycle or ----------------------if she has had menstrual cycles in the past, but no longer.
------------------ is the failure of one or both testicles to descend into the scrotum of a male infant.
-A --------------------- is an abnormal dilation of a vein in the spermatic cord.
-A ----------------------------is the collection of a plasma filtrate in the scrotum, outside the testes. This filtrate
results in scrotal swelling and can reduce blood flow to the testes. A hydrocele may be a congenital
problem or may be caused by trauma to the genitals. A testicular tumor may cause formation of a
hydrocele. Idiopathic development may also occur.
------------------------- is the non-cancerous enlargement of the prostate gland.
----------------------------- is the infectious inflammation of any of the organs of the upper genital tract in
women, including the uterus, fallopian tubes (salpingitis), or ovaries (oophoritis).
-In an ----------------------------------, the embryo implants and grows at a site other than the uterus, usually
the fallopian tube.
---------------------------- is the presence of uterine endometrial cells outside the uterus, anywhere in the
pelvic or abdominal region.
-The endometrial cells respond to estrogen and progesterone with proliferation, secretion, and bleeding
during the menstrual cycle.
---------------------, a radiograph of the breast, is an important screening tool to identify breast cancer before
a lump can be felt.
TRUE OR FALSE
-Spermatogenesis (the formation of sperm) begins during puberty and continues throughout the lifetime of
a male.
-Spermatogenesis requires approximately 2 months.
-From each primary spermatocyte, four viable sperm (each with 23 chromosomes) are produced.
-FSH is a protein hormone released from the anterior pituitary in response to a stimulating hormone from
the hypothalamus: gona-dotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) .
-The final effect of FSH is to cause proliferation and differentiation of the immature sperm.
- LH is a protein hormone released from the anterior pituitary in response to stimulation by GnRH.
-LH stimulates the synthesis of the steroid hormone testosterone.
- Changes in the secretion of GnRH may affect sperm formation by affecting LH and FSH and may alter
libido.
-Male secondary sexual characteristics are under the control of the male androgens, especially
testosterone.
-Increased amounts of sebum can cause acne, especially during teenage years.
-A deepening voice, in males result of hypertrophy of the larynx.
-LH levels initiate a profound, final growth of the follicle, and then rupture, releasing the ovum into the
abdominal cavity.
-The female secondary and associated sexual characteristics are under the control of estrogen
- Optimal fertility in women lasts to about 30 years of age and then begins to fall sharply with increasing
frequency as a woman ages. –
-Immune responses may destroy the implanted embryo if the woman is either hyperimmune to the
embryo or fails to develop tolerance to it.
-Male factors causing deformed sperm or sperm too few in number.
- Male infertility may occur following infection and scarring of the testicles, epididymis, vas deferens, or
urethra.
- Systemic infections, such as mumps, may cause swelling of the testicles and destruction of the
seminiferous tubules.
- Obstruction of the blood vessels supplying the testes can cause hypoxia and a failure of the sperm to
develop or survive.
- Autoantibodies produced against sperm may reduce sperm number and quality.
- Exposure of the testicles to high temperature may reduce spermatogenesis.
-Gynecomastia is frequently seen during early puberty in some males and may be a normal development
or may be related to excess body weight or a hormonal imbalance.
- Dysmenorrhea is usually caused by excessive release of a specific prostaglandin, from the uterine
endometrial cells.
- For most women, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) that inhibit prostaglandin production,
such as ibuprofen, can effectively reduce cramping.
-Prostaglandin inhibitors should be used at the first sign of pain or at the first sign of menstrual flow.
- Because forceful menstrual cramping may contribute to the development of endometriosis (painful
growth of uterine tissue outside of the uterus).
-Complaints of dysmenorrhea should always be taken seriously, and attempts should be made to reduce its
incidence.
-Emotional disturbances and physical stress may also cause amenorrhea.
-Endocrine disorders, especially involving the ovaries, pituitary, thyroid, or adrenal glands, can cause
amenorrhea, both primary and secondary.
- Cryptorchidism is present at birth and is especially common in premature infants.
-For most infants born with this condition, the testes will descend on their own within the first year of
birth.
-If descent does not occur, the testes will remain at a higher temperature than optimal for
spermatogenesis.
-Cryptorchidism may affect sperm quantity and quality, leading to infertility later in life.
-Male sexual function and secondary sexual characteristics are normal in Cryptorchidism.
- Most cases of cryptorchidism will reverse spontaneously within 1 year.
-If spontaneous descent does not occur, treatment with hCG may stimulate descent.
-If hormonal therapy is ineffective, surgery is required and should be performed by 2 years of age.
-A varicocele is an abnormal dilation of a vein in the spermatic cord.
-A sudden occurrence of a varicocele in an older man may indicate an advanced renal tumor.
-A varicocele may lead to Poor blood flow to the testes and may cause infertility.
-A hydrocele may be a congenital problem or may be caused by trauma to the genitals.
-A testicular tumor may cause formation of a hydrocele.
-A hydrocele can reduce blood flow to the testes.
-BPH is seen in more than 50% of men older than 60 years of age.
- The cause of BPH is unclear but may be related to an imbalance between estrogen and testosterone in
the prostate.
-With advanced BPH, urinary tract obstruction may lead to urinary tract infections and, if unrelieved, renal
failure.
- Epididymitis and orchitis may cause infertility
-The infectious agent of PID is usually bacterial and is often acquired during sexual intercourse.
- PID may lead to scarring and adhesions of the uterus or fallopian tubes, predisposing a woman to
infertility.
- Rupture of the fallopian tube with ectopic pregnancy may occur, leading to internal hemorrhage and
maternal death.
- Approximately 5% to 10% of women with PID die, usually from septic shock.
- The endometrial cells respond to estrogen and progesterone with proliferation, secretion, and bleeding
during the menstrual cycle. This can cause inflammation and severe pain.
- The inflammation of the endometrial cells may lead to scarring of pelvic or abdominal organs and
infertility
- Cervical cancer is often a result of a sexually transmitted disease of the cervix caused by certain strains of
the human papillomavirus (HPV).
- Cervical cancer is most common in women who have had multiple sexual partners.
-The premalignant changes, called dysplasia, can be identified and staged during cytologic studies of a
cervical smear (the Papanicolaou smear, or Pap smear).
Endometrial cancer is related to lifetime exposure to estrogen and typically presents in postmenopausal
women.
- Protection against breast cancer is possible by consumption of a diet rich in fruits and vegetables, regular
exercise, and weight control.
-Breast self-examination (BSE) performed on a regular (monthly) basis is important for early detection of a
tumor.
-BSE should be performed by all women older than 20 years.
-Mammography, a radiograph of the breast, is an important screening tool to identify breast cancer before
a lump can be felt.
-Annual or biannual mammography is recommended for all women older than 40 years of age and for
younger women with a family history of the disease or other risk factors.
MCQ
*The male secondary sexual characteristics include the following:
a- Increased protein anabolism and muscle mass.
b-Increased bone growth and strength.
c-Male pattern of hair on the face, axillary, and pubic regions. Hair growth is thick on most areas of the
body.
d-Proliferation and activation of sebaceous glands in the skin, which produce an oily substance called
sebum. Increased amounts of sebum can cause acne, especially during teenage years.
e-A deepening voice, as a result of hypertrophy of the larynx.
f- all
*Miscarriages later in gestation may occur if
a-the placenta is poorly placed b- if placenta is poorly perfused with blood c- if the cervix cannot
support the weight of a growing fetus. D- all
*Male factors causing infertility may include
a- Systemic infections, such as mumps, may cause swelling of the testicles and destruction of the
seminiferous tubules.
b- Obstruction of the blood vessels supplying the testes can cause hypoxia and a failure of the sperm to
develop or survive.
c-Autoantibodies produced against sperm may reduce sperm number and quality.
d-Exposure of the testicles to high temperature may reduce spermatogenesis.
* Amenorrhea exists naturally
a-before puberty (primary amenorrhea)
b-after menopause (secondary amenorrhea). c- during pregnancy
d- during lactation.
e- all
* A hydrocele may be
a-a congenital problem b- caused by trauma to the genitals. c- caused by testicular tumor d- all
*BPH may cause
a-compression of the urethra as it passes through the prostate, making urination difficult,
b-reducing force of the flow of the urine stream.
c- dribbling of urine to occur.
d- all
* Clinical Manifestations of BPH may include
a-Increased frequency of urination
b- a reduction in the force of the urine stream.
d-dribbling or urine overflow.
e-The time required to void increases. F- all
* Risk Factors for Breast Cancer include
a- a history of the disease in one or more first-degree relatives (sisters or mother).
b- Lifetime estrogen exposure , as early menarche and late menopause
c- Lack of or delayed childbearing
d- Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) in postmenopausal women appears to increase the risk of breast
cancer.