AOS 1: Learning
Operant Conditioning
One of Thorndike's most important
findings from his experiments on cats in
puzzle boxes was that:
A. punishment was very
effective in modifying the cats'
behaviour
B. the cats' behaviour was easy
to negatively reinforce
C. the cats learned to obtain a
reward through trial and error
D. the cats behaviour was
difficult to reinforce
One of Thorndike's most important
findings from his experiments on cats in
puzzle boxes was that:
A. punishment was very
effective in modifying the cats'
behaviour
B. the cats' behaviour was easy
to negatively reinforce
C. the cats learned to obtain a
reward through trial and error
D. the cats behaviour was
difficult to reinforce
Thorndike's notion that behaviours
that are reinforced tend to be
repeated is known as
A. the punishment principle
B. the law of effect
C. Pavlovian conditioning
D. negative reinforcement
Thorndike's notion that behaviours
that are reinforced tend to be
repeated is known as
A. the punishment principle
B. the law of effect
C. Pavlovian conditioning
D. negative reinforcement
In operant conditioning an important
connection forms between the
A. unconditioned stimulus and
the conditioned stimulus
B. stimulus and whatever
occurs before it
C. unconditioned stimulus and
the unconditioned response
D. behaviour and the
reinforcement that follows it
In operant conditioning an important
connection forms between the
A. unconditioned stimulus and
the conditioned stimulus
B. stimulus and whatever
occurs before it
C. unconditioned stimulus and
the unconditioned response
D. behaviour and the
reinforcement that follows it
Maia's parents are trying to encourage her
to keep her room tidy. At the end of each
week, if her room is tidy, they give Maia $5
pocket money. Maia's parents are applying
a schedule of reinforcement known as
A. fixed interval
B. fixed ratio
C. variable interval
D. variable ratio
Maia's parents are trying to encourage her
to keep her room tidy. At the end of each
week, if her room is tidy, they give Maia $5
pocket money. Maia's parents are applying
a schedule of reinforcement known as
A. fixed interval
B. fixed ratio
C. variable interval
D. variable ratio
Joe's parents also want him to keep his
room tidy but are using a different method
of encouragement. Whenever his room is
untidy, Joe is not permitted to use
Facebook or Twitter until he tidies it.
A. positive reinforcement
B. Modelling
C. negative reinforcement
D. shaping
Joe's parents also want him to keep his
room tidy but are using a different method
of encouragement. Whenever his room is
untidy, Joe is not permitted to use
Facebook or Twitter until he tidies it.
A. positive reinforcement
B. Modelling
C. negative reinforcement
D. shaping
Which one of the following statements is true
about the effectiveness of reinforcement
when using operant conditioning to train
animals?
A. The reinforcer must provide
a pleasurable consequence
for the animal
B. The reinforcement must be
presented before the desired
response
C. The reinforcer must be
presented within 24 hours after
the response
D. The reinforcer must be
presented every time the
desired response occurs
Which one of the following statements is true
about the effectiveness of reinforcement
when using operant conditioning to train
animals?
A. The reinforcer must provide
a pleasurable consequence
for the animal
B. The reinforcement must be
presented before the desired
response
C. The reinforcer must be
presented within 24 hours after
the response
D. The reinforcer must be
presented every time the
desired response occurs
During operant conditioning, the learner is
_______________ ; whereas during classical
conditioning the learner is _____________ .
A. passive; active
B. reinforced; not reinforced
C. active; passive
D. not reinforced; reinforced
During operant conditioning, the learner is
_______________ ; whereas during classical
conditioning the learner is _____________ .
A. passive; active
B. reinforced; not reinforced
C. active; passive
D. not reinforced; reinforced
In Operant conditioning, negative
reinforcement involves
A. removing an aversive
stimulus and so increasing
the likelihood of a response
occurring
B. removing an aversive
stimulus and so decreasing the
likelihood of a response
occurring
C. providing a stimulus and so
increasing the likelihood of a
response occurring
D. providing a stimulus and so
decreasing the likelihood of a
response occurring
In Operant conditioning, negative
reinforcement involves
A. removing an aversive
stimulus and so increasing
the likelihood of a response
occurring
B. removing an aversive
stimulus and so decreasing the
likelihood of a response
occurring
C. providing a stimulus and so
increasing the likelihood of a
response occurring
D. providing a stimulus and so
decreasing the likelihood of a
response occurring
Sarah's two year old son frequently had tantrums. Sarah
decided to seek the help of a therapist. The therapist
suggested that Sarah should ignore her son while he was
screaming and yelling and when he was calm she should talk
reassuringly to him and give him a cuddle.
Sarah, was using the principles of ___________________ to
change her son's behaviour. The giving of a cuddle is an
example of ___________________ .
A. operant conditioning;
positive reinforcement
B. operant conditioning;
negative reinforcement
C. classical conditioning;
positive reinforcement
D. classical conditioning;
negative reinforcement
Sarah's two year old son frequently had tantrums. Sarah
decided to seek the help of a therapist. The therapist
suggested that Sarah should ignore her son while he was
screaming and yelling and when he was calm she should talk
reassuringly to him and give him a cuddle.
Sarah, was using the principles of ___________________ to
change her son's behaviour. The giving of a cuddle is an
example of ___________________ .
A. operant conditioning;
positive reinforcement
B. operant conditioning;
negative reinforcement
C. classical conditioning;
positive reinforcement
D. classical conditioning;
negative reinforcement
Paul has learnt to ask his mother for extra
pocket money only when she is in a good
mood.
Paul's behaviour is an example of:
A. shaping
B. stimulus generalisation
C. unconditioned stimulus
D. stimulus discrimination
Paul has learnt to ask his mother for extra
pocket money only when she is in a good
mood.
Paul's behaviour is an example of:
A. shaping
B. stimulus generalisation
C. unconditioned stimulus
D. stimulus discrimination
Consequences that strengthen responses
due to escape from or avoidance of
unpleasant stimuli are ____________
reinforcers
A. negative
B. positive
C. primary
D. secondary
Consequences that strengthen responses
due to escape from or avoidance of
unpleasant stimuli are ____________
reinforcers
A. negative
B. positive
C. primary
D. secondary
Jarrod’s dog tries to dig in his indoor pot plants
and often knocks them over. Each time the dog
knocks over a plant Jarrod locks the dog in the
laundry for a few minutes.
The consequence for the dog, which is applied
by Jarrod, is a ______________ because he is
trying to __________________
A. punishment; decrease the
likelihood of a response
occurring
B. punishment; increase the
likelihood of a response
occurring
C. negative reinforcement;
decrease the likelihood of a
response occurring
D. negative reinforcement;
increase the likelihood of a
response occurring
Jarrod’s dog tries to dig in his indoor pot plants
and often knocks them over. Each time the dog
knocks over a plant Jarrod locks the dog in the
laundry for a few minutes.
The consequence for the dog, which is applied
by Jarrod, is a ______________ because he is
trying to __________________
A. punishment; decrease the
likelihood of a response
occurring
B. punishment; increase the
likelihood of a response
occurring
C. negative reinforcement;
decrease the likelihood of a
response occurring
D. negative reinforcement;
increase the likelihood of a
response occurring
Which of the following statements about the
use of punishment as a reinforcement
technique is correct?
A. punishment has no effect on B. punishment may
behaviour
inadvertently act as a
reinforcer
C. punishment decreases the
frequency of desirable
behaviours
D. punishment decreases the
likelihood of avoidance
behaviour
Which of the following statements about the
use of punishment as a reinforcement
technique is correct?
A. punishment has no effect on B. punishment may
behaviour
inadvertently act as a
reinforcer
C. punishment decreases the
frequency of desirable
behaviours
D. punishment decreases the
likelihood of avoidance
behaviour
Behaviours acquired by the _____________
schedule of reinforcement are learned quickly
and maintain a maximal rate of responding
A. fixed ratio
B. fixed interval
C. variable ratio
D. variable interval
Behaviours acquired by the _____________
schedule of reinforcement are learned quickly
and maintain a maximal rate of responding
A. fixed ratio
B. fixed interval
C. variable ratio
D. variable interval
A soft-drink vending machine operates on a
____________ reinforcement schedule, while a
gaming machine operates on a _____________
reinforcement schedule
A. variable ratio; fixed interval
B. fixed ratio; variable interval
C. partial; continuous
D. continuous; partial
A soft-drink vending machine operates on a
____________ reinforcement schedule, while a
gaming machine operates on a _____________
reinforcement schedule
A. variable ratio; fixed interval
B. fixed ratio; variable interval
C. partial; continuous
D. continuous; partial
Punishment …
A. Aims to remove desirable
B. can lead to aggressive
behaviours without necessarily behaviour
replacing them with
undesirable ones
C. should not be administered
consistently and immediately
for maximum effect
D. does not lead to the
reduction of undesirable
behaviours
Punishment …
A. Aims to remove desirable
B. can lead to aggressive
behaviours without necessarily behaviour
replacing them with
undesirable ones
C. should not be administered
consistently and immediately
for maximum effect
D. does not lead to the
reduction of undesirable
behaviours
In many of Skinner's original experiments,
which schedule of reinforcement led to
the most rapid acquisition of learned
behaviour?
A. continuous reinforcement
schedule
B. continuous punishment
schedule
C. fixed interval schedule
D. variable ratio schedule
In many of Skinner's original experiments,
which schedule of reinforcement led to
the most rapid acquisition of learned
behaviour?
A. continuous reinforcement
schedule
B. continuous punishment
schedule
C. fixed interval schedule
D. variable ratio schedule
Many of Skinner's original
experiments used:
A. an operant conditioning
chamber
B. a Pavlovian conditioning
laboratory
C. children
D. cats in puzzle boxes
Many of Skinner's original
experiments used:
A. an operant conditioning
chamber
B. a Pavlovian conditioning
laboratory
C. children
D. cats in puzzle boxes
In Skinner's original experiments,
behaviour that had been conditioned
by which type of schedule was found
to be the most difficult to extinguish?
A. punishment schedule
B. fixed schedule
C. continuous reinforcement
schedule
D. variable schedule
In Skinner's original experiments,
behaviour that had been conditioned
by which type of schedule was found
to be the most difficult to extinguish?
A. punishment schedule
B. fixed schedule
C. continuous reinforcement
schedule
D. variable schedule
Which type of learning is seen as
discouraging bad behaviour instead
of encouraging positive behaviour?
A. positive reinforcement
B. modelling
C. negative reinforcement
D. punishment
Which type of learning is seen as
discouraging bad behaviour instead
of encouraging positive behaviour?
A. positive reinforcement
B. modelling
C. negative reinforcement
D. punishment
In classical conditioning, the learned
response is _________________ ,
while in operant conditioning the learned
response is __________________ .
A. voluntary; reflexive
B. spontaneous; involuntary
C. reflexive; voluntary
D. involuntary; reflexive
In classical conditioning, the learned
response is _________________ ,
while in operant conditioning the learned
response is __________________ .
A. voluntary; reflexive
B. spontaneous; involuntary
C. reflexive; voluntary
D. involuntary; reflexive
Andrew wants to train his daughter Piper to say
the word 'butter'. In the beginning he rewards
Piper for saying 'bu', then Andrew starts to
reward Piper for saying 'bud', and then 'budder'.
Finally after a series of these steps Piper
consistently says 'butter'.
Piper has been trained using the behaviour
principle of
A. classical conditioning
B. negative reinforcement
C. extinction
D. shaping
Andrew wants to train his daughter Piper to say
the word 'butter'. In the beginning he rewards
Piper for saying 'bu', then Andrew starts to
reward Piper for saying 'bud', and then 'budder'.
Finally after a series of these steps Piper
consistently says 'butter'.
Piper has been trained using the behaviour
principle of
A. classical conditioning
B. negative reinforcement
C. extinction
D. shaping
The word 'operant' in Skinner's operant
conditioning refers to
A. the environment in which an B. the process by which an
organism is conditioned
organism learns to
discriminate between different
types of reinforcers
C. an organism's response or
D. the positive or negative
behaviour that acts on the
outcome of an organism's
environment and leads to some behaviour
sort of outcome
The word 'operant' in Skinner's operant
conditioning refers to
A. the environment in which an B. the process by which an
organism is conditioned
organism learns to
discriminate between different
types of reinforcers
C. an organism's response or
D. the positive or negative
behaviour that acts on the
outcome of an organism's
environment and leads to some behaviour
sort of outcome
Which schedule of reinforcement results in the
slowest acquisition of behaviour?
A. fixed ratio
B. fixed interval
C. variable ratio
D. variable interval
Which schedule of reinforcement results in the
slowest acquisition of behaviour?
A. fixed ratio
B. fixed interval
C. variable ratio
D. variable interval
Behaviours learned through classical
conditioning, when compared with behaviours
learned through operant conditioning, are more
likely to be
A. deliberate
B. goal directed
C. unintentional
D. conscious
Behaviours learned through classical
conditioning, when compared with behaviours
learned through operant conditioning, are more
likely to be
A. deliberate
B. goal directed
C. unintentional
D. conscious