Terms and People of Chapter 6
cash crop – crop such as cotton and tobacco that
is grown not for its own use but to be sold for cash
• Farmers’ Alliance – network of farmers’
organizations that worked for political and
economic reforms in the late 1800s
• Civil Rights Act of 1875 – law that banned
discrimination in public facilities and transportation
•
Terms and People
•
reservation – specific area set aside by the
federal government for the Indians’ use
•
Sand Creek Massacre – 1864 incident in which
Colorado militia killed a camp of unarmed
Cheyenne and Arapaho Indians
•
Sitting Bull – Sioux chief respected as a fighter
and spiritual leader
•
Battle of the Little Big Horn – 1876 battle in
which the Sioux defeated U.S. troops led by
Colonel George Custer
Terms and People
•
Chief Joseph – leader of the Nez Percés who
surrendered after trying to lead a group of Indian
refugees to Canada
•
Wounded Knee – 1890 confrontation between
U.S. cavalry and the Sioux that marked the end
of Indian resistance in the Ghost Dance War
•
assimilate – to adopt the culture and civilization
of the dominant group in a society
•
Dawes General Allotment Act – 1887 law that
divided reservation land into private family plots
Terms and People
•
vigilante – self-appointed law enforcer
•
transcontinental railroad – rail link between
the eastern and western United States
•
land grant – land given by the federal
government for building railroads
•
open-range system – system in which
ranchers did not fence in their property, allowing
cattle to roam and graze freely
Terms and People
•
Homestead Act – 1862 law in which the
government offered farm plots of 160 acres to
anyone willing to live on the land for five years,
dig a well, and build a road
•
Exodusters –African Americans who migrated
from the South to the West after the Civil War
Terms and People of Chapter 7
•
Jim Crow laws – laws that kept blacks and whites
segregated
•
poll tax – a tax which voters were required to pay
to vote
•
literacy test – a test, given at the polls to see
if a voter could read, used to disenfranchise black
citizens
•
grandfather clause – a law which allowed a
person to vote only if his ancestors had voted prior
to 1866, also used to disenfranchise black citizens
Terms and People
•
Booker T. Washington – the most famous black
leader during the late 19th century, he encouraged
African Americans to build up their economic
resources through hard work
•
W.E.B. Du Bois – a black leader in the late 19th
century who disagreed with Washington and argued
that blacks should demand full and immediate
equality
•
Ida B. Wells – an African American teacher who
bought a newspaper and embarked on a lifelong
crusade against the practice of lynching
Terms and People
•
Las Gorras Blancas – a group of Mexican
Americans who protested their loss of land in the
Southwest by targeting the property of large ranch
owners
Terms and People
•
spoils system – a system in which politicians
awarded government jobs to loyal party workers
with little regard for their qualifications
•
civil service – a system that includes federal jobs
in the executive branch
•
Pendleton Civil Service Act – a law passed in
1883 that established a Civil Service Commission,
which wrote a civil service exam
•
gold standard – using gold as the basis of the
nation’s currency
Terms and People
•
Oliver H. Kelley – a Minnesota farmer and
businessman who organized the Grange
•
Grange – an organization of farmers who joined
to learn about new farming techniques, to call for
the regulation of railroad and grain elevator rates,
and to prompt the establishment of the ICC
•
Populist Party – a political party formed in 1892
on a platform of silver coinage, government
ownership of the railroads, and fighting the corrupt
and unresponsive elite
Terms and People
•
William Jennings Bryan – the Democratic
nominee for president in 1896, who supported
many Populist principles including silver coinage,
and who toured the country to speak directly to
voters
•
William McKinley – the Republican candidate for
president in 1896, who followed a traditional
strategy of letting party workers campaign for him
Terms and People of Chapter 8
•
Progressivism – movement that believed honest
and efficient government could bring about social
justice
•
muckrakers – socially conscious journalists and
writers who dramatized the need for reform
•
Lincoln Steffens – muckraking author of Shame
of the Cities, exposed corruption in urban
government
•
Jacob Riis – muckraking photographer and author
of How The Other Half Lives, exposed the condition
of the urban poor
Terms and People
•
Social Gospel – belief that following Christian
principles could bring about social justice
•
settlement house – community center that
provided services for the urban poor
•
Jane Addams – leader in the settlement house
movement
•
direct primary – allowed voters to select
candidates rather than having them selected by
party leaders
Terms and People
•
initiative – gave citizens the power to propose
laws
•
referendum – allowed citizens to reject or accept
laws passed by their legislature
•
recall – gave voters the power to remove
legislators before their term is up
Terms and People
•
Florence Kelley – founded the National
Consumer’s League known as the NCL
•
National Consumer’s League (NCL) – labeled
and publicized “goods produced under fair, safe,
and healthy working conditions”
•
temperance movement – campaign to end the
production, sale, and use of alcohol
•
Margaret Sanger – opened the first birth control
clinic
•
Ida B. Wells – helped to found the National
Association of Colored Women
Terms and People
•
suffrage – the right to vote
•
Carrie Chapman Catt – president of the NAWSA,
campaigned to pass women’s suffrage at both the
state and national levels
•
NAWSA – National American Woman Suffrage
Association
•
Alice Paul – social activist, led women to picket
at the White House
•
Nineteenth Amendment – 1919, granted
women the right to vote
Terms and People
•
Americanization – effort to replace immigrant
customs with white, Protestant, middle-class
practices and values
•
Booker T. Washington – favored a gradualist
approach for blacks to earn rights through
economic progress and employment in the
skilled trades
•
W.E.B. Du Bois – demanded immediate and full
rights for blacks as guaranteed by the Constitution
Terms and People
•
Niagara Movement – opposed Washington’s
approach; favored education in history,
literature, and philosophy, not just in the trades
•
NAACP – National Association for the
Advancement of Colored People, viewed full
legal rights as the only solution to racial
discrimination
•
Urban League – organization to assist
working class African Americans with relief, jobs,
clothing, and schools
Terms and People
•
Anti-Defamation League – organization to
defend Jews and others from false statements,
and verbal or physical attacks
•
mutualistas – Mexican American groups that
provided loans, legal assistance, and disability
insurance for members
Terms and People
•
Theodore Roosevelt – energetic Progressive who
became the youngest president in 1901
•
Square Deal – Roosevelt’s program to keep the
wealthy and powerful from taking advantage of
small business owners and the poor
•
Hepburn Act – gave the Interstate Commerce
Committee power to limit railroad company prices
•
Meat Inspection Act – gave federal agents
power to inspect and monitor the meatpacking
industry
Terms and People
•
Pure Food and Drug Act – gave the federal
government responsibility for insuring food and
medicine are safe
•
John Muir – California naturalist who advocated
for the creation of Yosemite National Park
•
Gifford Pinchot – forestry official who proposed
managing the forests for later public use
Terms and People
•
National Reclamation Act – gave the federal
government power to decide where and how water
would be distributed in arid western states
•
New Nationalism – Roosevelt’s 1912 plan to
restore the government’s trustbusting power
•
Progressive Party – Roosevelt’s party in the
1912 election
Terms and People
•
Woodrow Wilson – Progressive Democrat
elected President in 1912
•
New Freedom – Wilson’s program to place strict
government controls on corporations
•
Sixteenth Amendment – gave Congress the
power to impose an income tax
•
Federal Reserve Act – placed the national banks
under the control of a Federal Reserve Board
Terms and People
•
Federal Trade Commission – group appointed
by the President to monitor business practices
that might lead to a monopoly
•
Clayton Antitrust Act – strengthened antitrust laws by spelling out specific practices in
which businesses could not engage