U.S. History II Review Sheet: The Progressive Era
People to Know
John D. Rockefeller – Standard Oil Monopolist
Ida Tarbell – Muckraker, “A History of Standard Oil”
Upton Sinclair – Muckraker/Socialist “The Jungle” exposes meat industry
Eugene V. Debs – Labor Leader/Socialist, Candidate in 1912 Election
Florence Kelly – Activist/Muckraker, Child Labor and Women’s Rights
Carrie Chapman Catt – Activist, Women Suffrage (Vote)
W.E.B. DuBois – Historian/Sociologist, Civil Rights activist, NAACP
Robert M. LaFollette – Wisconsin Gov. & Senator, starts many reforms
John Muir – Environmentalist, Founder of Sierra Club
Theodore Roosevelt – (Republican/Progressive) Pres. Trust Buster,
Fair Deal, Candidate 1912 Election, New Nationalism (Big Gov’t to
control Big Business)
William H. Taft – (Republican) Pres. & Candidate 1912
Woodrow Wilson – (Democrat) Pres. Winner 1912 election
New Freedom (Opposes Big Gov’t & Big Business)
Terms to Know
Muckrakers – Investigative Journalists
Niagara Movement – Movement that led to forming the NAACP
Commission System – Form of local government to oppose corruption
City Manager Plan – Form of local government to oppose corruption
Direct Primary – voters select the candidate for their party
Initiative – voters propose a law
Referendum – voters vote to pass a law
Recall – voters unelect an office holder
Pure Food and Drug Act – creates Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
to test new foods & drugs
Meat Inspection Act – government inspects and grades meat
Northern Securities Case – 1st monopoly broken up by T. Roosevelt
Square Deal – Roosevelt forces mine owners to negotiate with union
during a coal strike
Hepburn Act – Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) given power to
Set maximum railroad prices
Arbitration – A disinterested judge decides between “best offers” in a
dispute (usually labor related)
Newland’s Reclamation Act – Money from sale of gov’t land must be
Used to improve remaining gov’t land
16th Amendment – Income Tax
17th Amendment – Direct Election of Senators
18th Amendment – Prohibition (No Booze)
19th Amendment – Women’s Suffrage (Women can vote)
Progressive Party – 3rd party in 1912 election nominates T. Roosevelt
Election of 1912 – Wilson (Dem.) vs. T. Roosevelt (Progressive) vs.
Taft (Rep.) vs. Debs (Socialist)
Underwood Tariff – Tariff reduction to increase competition for Big
Business in the U.S.
Federal Reserve Act – Creates the Federal Reserve System to control
The supply of money
Federal Trade Commission – Investigates unfair business practices
Clayton Antitrust Act – makes it easier to prosecute monopolies
Themes
Progressivism
Reform Movements