Warm-Up:
Draw the atomic structure for carbon
(atomic number 6). Show the number
of protons and electrons.
Chemical Compounds in Living
Organisms
Two Categories of Compounds:
ORGANIC
 Contain C-H bonding
 Simplest, Methane CH4
INORGANIC
 Lack C-H bonding
Carbons Bonding Properties
 Four single covalent bonds
 Single, Double, or Triple bonds to itself
 Form long chains, w/ combo of bonds (s, d, t)
 Form rings, w/ combo of bonds (s,d,t)
 Easily bonds N,H,O,P, and S
96.3% Total Weight of Human is
NCHOPS
Nitrogen
Hydrogen
Carbon
Oxygen
Phosphorus
Sulfur
Polymerization
 Chemical process by which carbon-based compounds are
built
 Small compounds called monomers
 Monomers joined by bonds to create polymers
 Extra large polymers are called macromolecules
 Macromolecules are built inside cells
Four Organic Macromolecules
I. Carbohydrates
II. Lipids
III. Proteins
IV. Nucleic Acids
Composition of a Bacterial Cell
I. Carbohydrates
Structural
Formula for
Glucose
a. Composed of ONLY C, H, and O
b. Two H for every O, 2:1 ratio
c. Monomer unit = monosaccharide
d. Two monomers = disaccharide
e. Three monomers + = polysaccharide
A. Monosaccharides




Basic formula (CH2O) 2:1 ratio
Simplest carbs known as sugars
Examples, 5-C sugars ribose and deoxyribose
Examples, 6-C sugars glucose, galactose, and fructose
- these are isomers, same chemical formula(C6H12O6)
different structural formula
Glucose made by green plants
Galactose found in milk
Fructose found in fruits
Hexoses: D-Glucose(A), D-Galactose(B), D-Manose(C), DFructose(D)
I
S
O
M
E
R
S
B. Disaccharides
Chemical Formula: C12H22O11
Known as a “double sugar”
Two monomers bonded together by dehydration
synthesis (anabolic process)
A molecule of water is removed; a hydrogen atom
from one monomer and hydroxyl group from another
Examples:
Glucose + Fructose = Sucrose + water (table sugar)
Glucose + Glucose = Maltose + water (malt sugar)
Glucose + Galactose = Lactose + water (milk sugar)
EACH TIME A MONOSACCHARIDE IS JOINED WITH
ANOTHER, ONE MOLECULE OF WATER IS
REMOVED!!!!!
C. Polysaccharides
• Large polymers made of sugar monomers
• Form in which living organisms store
excess sugar
• Also used as a structural component
• Two Types:
1. Storage
Polysaccharides
• Starch
- plants store sugar as starch
- composed of glucose monomers
• Glycogen
- animals store sugar as glycogen in
liver and muscles
- also composed solely of glucose
2. Structural
Polysaccharides
a. Cellulose:
- most abundant organic compound on
Earth
- found only in plants
- composed of glucose
- most animals cannot digest; fiber in diet;
pass out; regulates digestive processes
b. Chitin
- found in exoskeleton of animals
- also found in fungi
II. Function of Carbohydrates
• Quick energy from sugars
• Longer energy storage in polysaccharides
• Structural support from polysaccharides
III. Getting the Energy
• Break apart polymers
• Hydrolysis reaction
- catabolic reaction that consumes a molecule of
water
- bond between monomers split
- energy released when bonds broken
- occurs during digestion of food
• Sucrose + Water  Glucose + Fructose