Classification and Kingdoms
Latin, Linneaus, and Lists
Why do we classify?
1.
2.
3.
Name and group
things in a logical
manner.
Organize things into
groups that have
biological
significance.
Makes life easier
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What are some ways
we classify things?
Aristotle was a Greek philosopher
who was the first to classify or group
living things.
-He classified animals according
where they lived: land, air and
water.
-He classified plants according to
the type of stem they had: soft or
woody.
Taxonomy: the science of
the classification of living
things.
Common Names: Can be
confusing because names
vary by region.
Using each individual language, a common
name would be almost impossible!
Example:
Pes
Köpek
Hond
Mbwa
Koira
Perro
Cĩne
Hund
Cão
Chien
Carolus Linnaeus: Swedish
botanists who developed the
system of classification we use
today. It is based on structural
similarities.
 Put
organisms into two large
groups called kingdoms
 Gave them all Latin names
4 Reasons for using Latin
dead language and will not change
 not misleading like a common name
 more descriptive
 basis for many other languages;
English, French, Spanish, Italian and
Portuguese

LINNAEUS’S SYSTEM OF
CLASSIFICATION
What do the scientific names of the
polar, grizzly and panda bears tell you
about their similarity to each other?
Ursus maritimus
Ursus arctos
Pictures reproduced with permission from WWF. © 2004
WWF- World Wide Fund For Nature (Formerly World
Wildlife Fund). All Rights Reserved.
www.panda.org.
Ailuropoda
melanoleuca
Why does everything have a weird name in
Biology?
Everything in science is named using latin.
Why?
Latin is a dead language and won’t change meanings with slang or
invention.
Example:
The cougar is also
known as the mountain
lion, puma or
catamount…thus the
need for a scientific
name.
Felis concolor
Photo courtesy Texas Parks and Wildlife Department © 2004
Writing Scientific Names
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Binomial Nomenclature: two word name for
an organism; Genus + species
When writing the scientific name in binomial
nomenclature, always capitalize the genus
name and use lower case for the species
name. Both words must be underlined.
Ex: Homo sapien, Pantera tigris
It all had to do with Classification
Domain – largest groupings;
Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya
Kingdom – group of related
phyla; there are 6
Phylum – group of related classes
Class – group of related orders
Dainty
King
Phillip
Came
Over
Order – group of related families
For
Family – group of related genera
Good
Genus – group of related species
Species – most specific
Soup
Kingdom – Animalia
Phylum – Chordata
Class – Mammalia
Order – Primata
Family – Hominidae
Genus – Homo
Species – sapien
Common Name – Human
Scientific Name – Homo sapien
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Only members of the same genus can
interbreed (under natural conditions).
Some hybrids do occur under unnatural
conditions: ligers are crosses between lions
and tigers.
A hybrid is created by two organisms that
can interbreed but are not in the same
species.
Hybrids are always infertile.
Varieties: members of the same species but
have different breeds. Ex: dogs and cats
Modern Methods for
Classifying Organisms
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Structural Similarities (can be misleading)
Cell Structures: cell type, organelles, etc.
Chromosome Comparison: chromosome
numbers; DNA analysis
Biochemistry: how things respond to
chemicals
How are animals put into the taxonomic
categories?
They used to be put in by looks
(physical Characteristics).
That can cause
problems!
Black Bear
Panda (not bear)
Phylogeny - the study of evolutionary
relationships
Now organisms are GROUPED by
similarities in their DNA.
Cladogram - a way to show evolutionary relationships between
organisms.
Two examples
Dendogram: a tree diagram showing
evolutionary relationships
VENN DIAGRAMS
1. Venn Diagrams can be used to make
models of hierarchical classification
schemes. A Venn diagram is shown
below:
A.
B.
C.
D.
A.
B.
C.
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D.
Four groups are represented by circular regions
Each region represents different taxonomic
levels.
Regions that overlap, share common members.
Regions that do not overlap do not have common
members.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Matching:
 Mammals C
 Animals with backbones B
 Insects D
 All animals A
Dendograms and Venn Diagrams
Dichotomous Keys
A dichotomous key is a
written set of choices,
used by scientists, that
leads to the name of an
unknown organism.
Money
Dichotomous
Key
1 A. Metal....................................................go to 2
1 B. Paper....................................................go to 5
2 A. Brown
(copper)........................................penny
2 B. Silver....................................................go to 3
3 A. Smooth
edge...........................................nickel.
3 B. Ridges around the
edge...............................go to 4
4 A. Torch on
back..........................................dime
4 B. Eagle on
back...........................................quarter
5 A. Number 1 in the
corners...............................$1 bill
5 B. Number 2 in the
corners...............................$2 bill
The Three Domain System
A domain is the most inclusive
category; more inclusive than
kingdom.
 There are 3 domains:

Eukarya (protists, fungi, plants,
animals)
 Bacteria (eubacteria)
 Archaea (archaebacteria)

Six Kingdom System
Archaebacteria
 Eubacteria
 Protista
 Fungi
 Plantae
 Animalia

1. Archaebacteria
-Heterotrophic or autotrophic
single cellular
prokaryotic
with cell walls
live in extreme environments
Ex: Extremophiles:
-Methanogens
-Halophiles
-Thermophiles
Archaebacteria
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Cell Type: Prokaryotic
Cell Parts:
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Cell wall does NOT contain peptidoglycan
1 single chromosome
Body Type: Unicellular
Nutrition: Heterotrophic and autotrophic
Examples: Methanogens
2. Bacteria
- heterotrophic or autotrophic
single cellular
prokaryotic
with cell walls
Example: E. coli
Eubacteria
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Cell Type: Prokaryotic
Cell Parts:
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Cell wall DOES contain peptidoglycan
1 single chromosome
Body Type: Unicellular
Nutrition: Heterotrophic and autotrophic
Examples: E. Coli
3. Protista
-Heterotrophic or autotrophic
single cellular Eukaryotic
with or without cell walls
Examples:
Amoeba,
Paramecium,
Algae
Protista
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Cell Type: Eukaryotic
Cell Parts:
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Some contain cell wall
Contain cell membrane
Nucleus, membrane bound organelles
Body Type: Most unicellular; some
multicellular
Nutrition: Heterotrophic and autotrophic
Examples: Amoeba, paramecium, euglena
4 Fungi
- Heterotrophic
multi-cellular
with cell walls (eukaryote)
Examples:
mushrooms, yeast
Fungi
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Cell Type: Eukaryotic
Cell Parts:
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Nucleus
Cell wall + chitin
Membrane bound organelles
Body Type: Multicellular
Nutrition: Heterotrophic
Examples: Mushrooms, yeast
5. Plantae
-Autotrophic
multi-cellular
with cell walls (eukaryote)
Examples: trees, grass
Plantae
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Cell Type: Eukaryotic
Cell Parts:
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Nucleus
Cell wall + cellulose
Membrane bound organelles
Body Type: Multicellular
Nutrition: Autotrophic
Examples: Ferns, Grasses, Mosses
6. Animalia
- heterotrophic
multi-cellular
no cell walls
(eukaryote)
Ex: humans, insects,
worms
Animalia
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Cell Type: Eukaryotic
Cell Parts:
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No cell wall
Membrane bound organelles
Body Type: Multicellular
Nutrition: Heterotrophic
Examples: Man, dogs, worms
Review
Carolous Linnaeus
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Taxonomy
Phylogeny
Dichotomous Key
Cladogram
Animalia
Plantae
Fungi
Protista
Bacteria
Archaebacteria
Binomial Nomenclature