Chapter 18
Section 18-1
Classification: Used to name organisms and group them in a
logical manner.
 Taxonomy: The science of classifying and assigning
each organism a name
 Binomial Nomenclature: Each species is given a 2 part
name (Latin)
 Developed by Carolus Linnaeus
 1st Name= Genus (1st letter is CAPITALIZED)
 2nd name= species
 Always written in italics
Example: Ursus arctos= Grizzly Bear
Ursus= Genus arctos= species
 Taxon: A group or level of Classification.
7 Levels of Classification
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





Kingdom: Largest and most inclusive category
Phylum: Made of different Classes
Class: Made of different Orders
Order: Made of different Families
Family: Made of different Genus’
Genus: Made of Different Species
Species: Smallest and most specific category
Kingdom
Phylum
C l a s s
O r d e r
F a m i l y
G e n u s
Species
“King
Philip Could Order
his
Family
to
Go
to
School”
6 Kingdoms:
1. Plantae: Plants
2. Animalia: Animals
3. Fungi: Fungus, Mushrooms, Yeast
4. Protista: Amoeba, Paramecium
5. Archaebacteria: “Ancient Bacteria”
6. Eubacteria: E. Coli, Streptococcus bacteria (Strep Throat)
Chapter 18-2
Evolutionary Classification
http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/education/explorations/tours/T
rex/index.html
We classify based upon evolution, not just physical
similarities
 Derived Characteristics: Characteristics that
appear in organisms, but was not present in
past, similar organisms.
 Example: Primates (Fur)
 Humans (Hair)
 Cladogram: A diagram that shows evolutionary
relationships.
 Similar to a Family Tree
 Uses Derived Characteristics
Roaches and Mantids are closely related
 Molecular Clock: By comparing DNA of 2 or
more species, biologists can estimate how long
the species have been separated.
 Uses mutations in DNA sequence
Chapter 18-3
6 Kingdoms
3 Domains
1. Bacteria: Eubacteria
 Prokaryotes (No Nucleus)
 Cell walls WITH Peptidoglycan
 Examples: Strep throat, E. Coli
2. Archae: Archaebacteria
 Prokaryotes (No Nucleus)
 Cell walls WITHOUT Peptidoglycan
 Examples: Halophiles, Bacteria in your
intestines
3. Eukarya: Eukaryotes (Has a Nucleus)
 Protista; Fungi; Plantae; Animalia