Linnaean Taxonomy

Carolus Linnaeus organized plants and animals into 7 hierarchical categories.
 Kingdom
 Phylum
 Class
 Order
 Family
 Genus
 Species
Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Primates
Hominidae
Homo
Homo sapiens

Linnaean Taxonomy

Scientific (species) name
 Genus + epithet
 Written in Latin

Dead, but universal scholarly language
 Italicized or underlined
 Ex: Canis familiaris
Mycobacterium leprae


Prokaryotic

Unicellular

Cell walls of various materials

Heterotrophic and autotrophic

Mostly extreme habitats


Prokaryotic

Unicellular

Cell walls of peptidoglycan

Heterotrophic and autotrophic

Endosymbiotic Theory

Lynn Margulis (1960’s)

Ancestors of mitochondria and chloroplasts were engulfed by eukaryotic cells.

Evidence – m&c…
 Have double membranes
 Have their own DNA
 Reproduce on their own
 Have their own ribosomes


All eukaryotes not defined as plants, fungi, or animals

Algae and protozoans


Eukaryotic

Uni- and multicellular

Cell walls of chitin

Heterotrophic

Spread by growth…
…and spore dispersal

Asexual Reproduction


Eukaryotic

Multicellular

Cellulose walls

Autotrophic


Eukaryotic

Multicellular

No cell walls

Heterotrophic

“Our classifications will come to be genealogies”

Using…
 Morphology, embryology, paleontology, biochemistry

Which of these trees depicts a different phylogeny from the other two?
1 2 3

Phylogenetic Tree - Tetrapods

Groups - Amphibians, Birds, Mammals, Reptiles

Primitive Characteristics
 Vertebrae, four limbs, heterotrophy, bilateral symmetry
Amphibians Reptiles Birds
Feathers
Fur
Endothermy
Amniotic Egg
Ancestral Tetrapod

Phylogenetic Tree - Domains
(Carl Woese, U of Illinois)

Three domains of living things
 Reorganization: Archaea more similar to Eukarya based on molecular data
Bacteria Archaea
Eukarya
Protista, Fungi
Plantae, Animalia
Prokaryotes Eukaryotes ribosome structure
Progenote