CHAPTER 7
Balancing Nationalism and Sectionalism,
1815-1840
MAIN IDEAS:
Changes in manufacturing launch an Industrial
Revolution.
Slavery and other issues divide the North and South.
Andrew Jackson has popular appeal but uproots many
Native Americans
New England Industrializes
 Samuel Slater built the first thread
factory in Pawtucket, RI (1793).
 Lowell, Appleton, and Jackson mechanized
all stages of cloth making (1813).
 They built weaving factories in Waltham
and Lowell, MA.
 By the late 1820s, Lowell was a booming
manufacturing center.
 Thousands, especially young women,
left family farms to work in Lowell, MA.
Samuel Slater (1768 – 1835)
popularly called "The Father
of the American Industrial
Revolution"
"Lowell Mill Girls" was the name used
for female textile workers in Lowell,
Massachusetts in the 19th century.
The Lowell textile mills employed a
workforce which was about three
quarters female; this characteristic
(unique at the time) caused two
social effects: a close examination
of the women's moral behavior,
and a form of labor agitation.
The Lowell female textile workers
wrote and published several literary
magazines, including the Lowell
Offering, which featured essays,
poetry and fiction written by female
textile workers. They also actively
participated in early labor reform
through legislative petitions, forming
labor organizations, contributing
essays and articles to a pro-labor
newspaper the Voice of Industry
and protesting through "turn-outs" or
strikes.
Replica of
Watt Steam Engine
Replica of Spinning-Mule
Invented by Samuel Crompton
Replica of Spinning-Jenny
Two Economic Systems Develop:
Agriculture in the North vs. South
 Cash crops did not grow well in Northern
soil and climate, so farms in the North were
smaller than those in the South.
 In the Old Northwest, farmers raised 1 or 2
types of crops and livestock.
 They sold farm products in the city and
bought other necessary items.
 Grains did not need much labor or yield
great profit, so slaves were not needed.
 Northern slavery died out by the late
1700s and most states abolished
slavery by 1804.
Changes in Manufacturing:
 By 1801, inventor Eli Whitney pioneered the use
of interchangeable parts for muskets.
 Interchangeable parts are identical pieces used
to assemble products.
 Factory system: power-driven machinery,
workers with different specialized tasks.
 Mass production is production of goods in large
quantities.
 Industrial Revolution includes social and
economic reorganization:
 Machines replace hand tools
 Large-scale factory production develops
 Result of manufacturing changes
Eli Whitney
Cotton Gin
Interchangeable Parts
“Cotton is King” in the South
 Eli Whitney’s cotton gin allowed
farmers to grow cotton for more profit.
 Great demand for cotton in Britain and
a growing demand in the North led to
more cotton production.
 Poor non-slaveholding farmers moved
westward to cultivate cotton.
 Plantation systems developed in
Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama.
Slavery Becomes Entrenched
 Cotton was hugely profitable by the
1820s and the demand for slavery
greatly increased.
 Increase in cotton production
paralleled to the increase in slave
population.
 House Speaker, Henry Clay,
promoted the American System
plan to improve the nation’s
infrastructure:
North produces manufactured goods
South produces food and cotton
National currency
Stable transportation to facilitate
trade
 All regions help sustain others to
make the U.S. economically
independent.
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Clay argued that the West, which
opposed the tariff, should support
it since urban factory workers
would be consumers of western
foods. In Clay’s view, the South
(which also opposed high tariffs)
should support them because of
the ready market for cotton in
northern mills. This last argument
was the weak link. The South was
never really on board with the
American System and had access
to plenty of markets for its cotton
exports.
Clay first used the term “American
System” in 1824, although he had
been working for its specifics for
many years previously.
The Erie Canal and other
Improvements:
 Railroads were not yet in common use; first steam
engine built in 1825.
 Many states built turnpikes and used toll roads to pay
for them.
 The federal gov’t funded highways to connect
different regions.
 In 1838, the National Road extended from
Cumberland, MD to Vandalia, IL.
The Erie Canal and other
Improvements:
 The Erie Canal linked the Hudson
River to Lake Erie (Atlantic Ocean to
Great Lakes)
 Other states built over 3000 miles of
canals by 1837.
 The Erie Canal led to the rise of NYC
as a major industrial center.
 Both the National Road and the Erie
Canal built up the nation’s infrastructure
(internal improvements).
National Road Diagrams
THE ERIE CANAL
Tariffs and the National Bank
 Madison proposed the Tariff of
1816 on imports:
 Increases cost of foreign goods
 People more likely to buy American
 Helps pay for improvements
James Monroe
5th President
1817-1825
James Madison
4th President
1809-1817
 Northeast welcomed the tariff, but the South
and West resented higher prices.
 Clay and Calhoun persuaded Congressmen from
the South and West to approve.
 Most leaders agreed to the National Bank b/c a
national currency would benefit all.
 In 1816, Second Bank of the U.S. rechartered for 20 years.
 James Monroe was elected president
(1816) and this began the “Era of Good
Feelings”, a time of national pride and
political unity.
Second Bank of the U.S.
Built in 1816
A promissory note
issued by the Second
Bank of the United
States, December 15,
1840, for the amount of
$1,000.
REVIEW CROSSWORD PUZZLE
 BEGIN WORKING ON 6/7 SIDE ONLY
 CONTINUE WORKING ON
VOCABULARY
Section 2
Nationalism at Center Stage
 Nationalism exerted a strong
influence in the courts, foreign
affairs, and westward expansion
in the early 1800s.
Nationalism Shapes Foreign Policy
 Nationalism-nat’l interests come
before regional or foreign concerns.
 Sec of State John Quincy Adams was
guided by nationalism when making
decisions. (Ex. Makes treaties with England
to define the borders of the Great Lakes
and Canada)
 Spain ceded FL to the U.S. in the
Adams-Onis Treaty and gave up their
claim to the Oregon Territory.
The Monroe Doctrine
 Spain and Portugal tried to claim old
colonies, and Russia created trading
posts in CA.
 President James Monroe issue the
Monroe Doctrine (1823), which
warned Europe not to interfere in
the Americas.
 And, the U.S. agreed not to
interfere in European affairs.
Nationalism Pushes America West
 Most settlers went west for land, economic
opportunities, and better jobs.
 The Missouri Compromise was created
to preserve the balance b/t slave and
free states.
 Maine was admitted into the Union as a
free state and Missouri was admitted
as a slave state.
 The compromise also divided the
Louisiana Territory at the 36°30’
latitude line and slavery remained legal
in the South.
Section 3
The Age of Jackson
 In 1824, Andrew Jackson won the
popular vote, but not electoral vote.
 John Quincy Adams was elected
president by the House with
Clay’s support.
 Jacksonians claimed that Adams and
Clay struck a corrupt bargain and
those in the Democratic-Republican
party block Adam’s policies.
John Quincy Adams
6th President
1825-1829
Former Sec of State
Son of John Adams
Andrew Jackson
7th President
1829-1837
 By 1828, most states had eased voting
qualifications and these new voters
helped Jackson win the presidency.
 Jackson claimed that he was of humble
origins, though in reality he was quite
wealthy.
 He claimed that Adams was an “intellectual
elitist” and won the election by a landslide.
 As president, Jackson’s policies spoke for
the common man, but violated Native
American rights.
Jackson’s Spoils System
 Jackson limited new appointees to
federal jobs with four-year terms.
 He used the spoils system by
replacing former appointees with
his own friends.
 His friends became his primary
advisers, called the “kitchen
cabinet.”
Removal of Native Americans
 As more white Americans moved westward,
conflict w/ Native Americans continued.
 Many troops were sent to try to keep
settlers off of native lands.
 Jackson believed the only way to end
conflict w/ Native Americans was to move
them off of their land.
 He believed assimilation would not work
and that troops were needed elsewhere.
 Congress passed the Indian Removal
Act of 1830 to fund treaties that forced
Native Americans further west.
 Jackson pressured some tribes to move
and forcibly removed others.
 In the case of Worcester v. Georgia the
court decided that a state cannot rule
over the Cherokee or invade their
lands.
 Most Cherokee tried to fight against the
gov’t in court, but some favored relocation.
 Federal agents signed a treaty with this
minority and relocation began.
 By 1838, 20,000 Cherokee remained
and President Martin van Buren
ordered their removal.
 The remaining Cherokee were
sent west on the Trail of Tears800 mile trip made on foot.
 Cherokee were robbed by gov’t
officials and outlaws along the way
and thousands died.
Painting by Robert Lindneux
"I would sooner be honestly damned
than hypocritically immortalized.“
Davy Crockett
His political career destroyed
because he supported the Cherokee,
he left Washington D. C. and headed
west to Texas.
Section 4
States’ Rights and the National Bank
 Throughout the 1820s the British tried to flood the
U.S. with cheap goods.
 The gov’t raised tariffs in 1824 & 1828.
 VP John C. Calhoun called the 1828 tax, the “tariff of
Abominations.”
 He believed the South paid for the North’s prosperity
and suffered b/c of low cotton prices.
 Calhoun devised the nullification theory:
 Questions legality of applying federal laws to
states.
 Constitution based on compact b/t states.
 States can reject laws considered
unconstitutional.
 States have the right to leave the Union if
denied.
John C. Calhoun
Vice President
Former Senator of SC, Sec of State,
and Sec of War
Martin van Buren
8th President
1837-1841
 South Carolina decided to declare
the 1828 & 1832 tariffs null and
threatened to secede from the
Union.
 Congress passed the Force Bill to use
the Army and Navy against SC.
 Henry Clay proposed a tariff that
would lower duties over a 10 year
period and SC submitted.