PECTORAL GIRDLE & UPPER ARM
The pectoral girdle consists of two clavicles and two scapulae. These parts support the upper limbs and
serve as attachments for various muscles that move these limbs.
Each upper limb includes a humerus, a radius, an ulna, eight carpals, five metacarpals, and fourteen
phalanges. These bones form the framework of the arm, forearm and hand. they also function as parts
of levers when the limbs are moved.
PECTORAL GIRDLE - Incomplete ring consisting of two scapulae and two clavicles:
1) attaches the upper limbs to the thoracic cage
2) site for muscle attachment
3) movement of the upper arm
1. Clavicle - Slender S-shaped bone (structurally weak-fractures easily if compressed lengthwise)
Function - helps hold the shoulder in place by bracing the scapula
Articulations:
Acromial end (lateral) - ___________________________________________________
Sternal end (medial) - ____________________________________________________
2. Scapula (shoulder blade)
Articulations
Glenoid cavity - ________________________________________________
Acromion process - _____________________________________________________
Features
spine
acromion process - forms the tip of the shoulder
coracoid process
glenoid cavity
Borders
superior border
medial (vertebral) border
lateral (axillary) border
Fossae
supraspinous fossa
infraspinous fossa
Why is the clavicle a bone that can easily fracture?
THE UPPER LIMB
Bones include the humerus, radius, ulna, 8 carpals, 5 metacarpals, and 14 phalanges
1. Humerus - extends from the scapula to the elbow
Articulations
Head - ____________________________________________
Capitulum - ________________________________________________
Trochlea - _________________________________________________________
Proximal features
head
greater tubercle
lesser tubercle
anatomical neck
surgical neck - ____________________________________________________
intertubercular groove (sulcus) - _________________________________________________
Diaphysis
deltoid tuberosity - _____________________________________________________________
Distal features
capitulum
trochlea
medial condyle
lateral condyle
coronoid fossa - receives the coronoid process of the ulna _______________________________
olecranon fossa - receives the olecranon process of the ulna _____________________________
2. Radius - located on the thumb side of the forearm, extending from the elbow to the wrist.
Articulations
head - humerus (capitulum)
- ulna (radial notch)
distal end - carpal bones
Features
head
radial tuberosity - _______________________________________________
styloid process
ulnar notch
3. Ulna - longer than the radius
Articulations
trochlear notch - ________________________________________
radial notch - ____________________________________________________
head - fibrocartilage disc inferiorly
- _______________________________________
Ulna - Features
olecranon process - triceps brachii inserts here; fits into the _____________________________
coronoid process - fits into the coronoid fossa of the humerus ___________________________
styloid process
head
THE HAND
`1) The wrist - 8 carpal bones (form the carpus)
2) The palm - 5 metacarpal bones
3) the 5 fingers - 14 phalanges (3 in each finger; the thumb lacks the
_______________________
1. Carpal bones
Proximal row (listed lateral to medial)
scaphoid
lunate
triquetrum
pisiform
Distal row (listed medial to lateral)
hamate
capitate
trapezoid
trapezium
*Mnemonic for remembering the names of the carpal bones:
So Long To Pinkie (proximal row, lateral to medial)
Here Comes The Thumb (distal row, medial to lateral)
2. Metacarpal bones - ___________________________________________________________
3. Phalanges
proximal phalanx
middle phalanx
distal phalanx