THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
Focus on the Pectoral Girdle
General anatomical terms to know
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Process
Ramus
Trochanter
Tuberosity
Tubercle
Crest
Line
Spine
Head
Neck
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Condyle
Trochlea
Facet
Fossa
Sulcus
Foramen
Canal of meatus
Fissure
Sinus
Appendicular Skeleton
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126 bones
Includes
 bones
of the limbs (appendages)
 Supporting bones of the pectoral and pelvic girdles
(connect limbs to axial skeleton)
Pectoral Girdle
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forms the shoulder
Consists of two bones
clavicle (collarbone)- long bone
1.
1.
Latin word “clavicula” = little key
scapula (shoulder blade)
2.
Allows free movement of upper limb
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Sternoclavicular joint – where the clavicle meets the sternum
Acromioclavicular joint – where the clavicle meets the scapula
Loose attachment allows scapula to move freely
Shoulder joint is poorly reinforced by ligaments
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Easily dislocated
Right Pectoral Girdle - Anterior
Right Pectoral Girdle -Posterior
The Clavicle
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Aka Collarbone
Slender, doubly curved bone
Acts as a brace to hold the arm
away from the thoracic cage
Helps prevent shoulder dislocation
Structures to know:
 Acromioclavicular
joint and
sternoclavicular joint
The Clavicle
The Scapula
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Aka Shoulder blade (little shovel)
Anatomy:
 Flattened
body
 Spine (posterior)
 Supraspinous
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Origin of the supraspinatus muscle (rotator cuff) (posterior)
 Infraspinous
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fossa – Inferior to (below) the spine
Origin of the supraspinatus muscle (rotator cuff) (posterior)
 Additional
Fossae:
 Subscapular
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fossa – Superior to (above) the spine
fossa- anterior
Origin of the subscapularis muscle (rotator cuff) (anterior)
The Scapula
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Acromion process = enlarged end of the spine of the
scapula
Articulates with the clavicle to form the acromioclavicular joint
 Comes from the Greek word “Akron”(peak) and
“Omos”(shoulder)
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Coracoid process = “beak”-like process
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Suprascapular notch = nerve passageway
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Points over the top of the shoulder and anchors arm muscles
Forms a foramen (ossification of transverse ligament) that provides
passage way for the suprascapular nerve.
Glenoid fossa(cavity) = shallow socket that receives the
head of the arm
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Comes from the greek work “glene” (socket)
The Scapula
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Borders:
 Lateral
(axillary) border
 Medial (vertebral) border
 Superior border
The Scapula- posterior aspect
Coracoid process
Suprascapular notch
acromion
spine
Medial border
Lateral border
The Scapula- anterior aspect
acromion
Suprascapular notch
Coracoid process
Glenoid Cavity
Lateral border
Medial border
Scapula
THE UPPER LIMB
Bones of the Upper limbs
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30 separate bones in each
upper limb
Arm, foreharm, hand
The arm
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The humerus – single typical long bone of the upper arm
Articulates proximally with scapula and clavicle and distally
with radius and ulna
Proximal features:
Head – fits into glenoid cavity of scapula
 Greater and lesser tubercles – two bony projections lateral to the
head
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Separated by the intertubercular sulcus
 Attachment of tendons
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Anatomical neck – slight constriction just inferior to the head
 Surgical neck – most frequently fractured part of the humerus
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Features of the diaphysis:
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Features of the diaphysis (shaft):
 Deltoid
tuberosity: attachment for the deltoid(shoulder)
muscle
 Radial groove- marks the course of the radial nerve
The arm
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Distal features:
 Lateral
and medial epicondyles:
 External and internal condyles:
 Olecranon fossa: groove that receives the olecranon process
of the ulna upon extension of the arm.
 Coronoid fossa: groove that receives the coronoid process of
the ulna upon flexion of the arm.
 Trochlea (medial) articulates with trochlear notch of the ulna.
 Capitulum (lateral) articulates with head of the radius
The right arm (humerus)
Greater tubercle
Lesser tubercle
Intertubercular Sulcus
head
Anatomical
Neck
Surgical
Neck
The right arm (humerus)
Greater tubercle
Greater tubercle
Lesser tubercle
Intertubercular Sulcus
head
Anatomical
Neck
Surgical
Neck
Radial Groove
Deltoid tuberosity
Deltoid tuberosity
Coronoid fossa
Olecranon fossa
Radial fossa
capitulum
Medial Epicondyle
trochlea
Lateral Epicondyle
The forearm
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Consists of two bones
1.
2.
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Radius = lateral bone when in anatomical position
Ulna = medial bone when in anatomical position
Radioulnar joints = sight of articulation of radius and ulna
Two bones are connected along their entire length by
interosseous membrane
Structures to know: radial tuberosity, styloid process, coronoid process,
olecranon process, trochlear notch
Trochlear Notch
head
neck
Radial tuberosity
Olecranon Process
Coronoid Process
Proximal Radioulnar joint
Radius
Ulna
Interosseous membrane
Styloid Process (radius)
Styloid Process (ulna)
Distal Radioulnar joint
The Hand
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Wrist (carpals) = 8 short bones
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Palm (metacarpals) = 5 long bones
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Fingers (phalanges)= long bones
 Thumb
has 2 phalanges
 Each finger has 3 phalanges
 Proximal
phalange
 Medial phalange
 Distal phalange
Phalanges
Metacarpals
Carpals
hamate
trapezium
pisiform
triquetrum
trapezoid
scaphoid
lunate
Ulna
capitate
Radius
1.
Can you identify
the following??
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