Framework for body.
Prevents organs crushing each other.
Encloses delicate organs.
Enables locomotion.
For muscles to allow movement.
Stores fat, calcium, phosphorous, sodium and
potassium.
In bone marrow.
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The appendicular skeleton includes all those
bones not identified as components of the axial
skeleton.
Colour the appendicular skeleton on page 52.
Then label the bones of the axial and
appendicular and skeletons.
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Fibula
Patella
Femur
Mandible
Clavicle
Scapula
Ribs
Pelvis
Coccyx
Radius
Cranium
Mandible
Ulna
Phalanges(hands and feet)
Carpals
Tarsals
Metacarpals
Metatarsals
Tibia
Sternum
Humerus
Intervertebral disc
Cervical vertebrae
Thoracic vertebrae
Lumbar vertebrae
Sacrum
Pubic symphysis
The Skull (page 56)
When born the bone plates of a babies skull are slightly separated.
In fact, where three bone meet there is a hole called fontanelle.
These features enable the skull to compress during childbirth,
making delivery easier. Over time the cranial plates move closer
together and fuse to completely protect the brain. The bones of an
adults skull are held together by fused bones called sutures.
Baby
Adult
The pelvic and pectoral girdles provide attachment for the
appendices. The pectoral girdle provides attachment for the
upper limbs (arms), whilst the pelvic girdle provides
attachment for the lower limbs (legs).
The pectoral girdle includes the scapula and clavicle. The
clavicle pulls the scapula forward, holding it in place.
The pelvic girdle is bowl shaped with wide flat surfaces. This
provides a large surface area for leg and abdominal muscle
attachment.
The Limbs
(page 57)
The upper limbs are primarily involved in manipulation of objects.
The ulna and radius connections at proximal and distal joints (i.e.
at the elbow and wrist joints) are reversed. This ‘crossing’ of the
bones allows the radius to rotate around the ulna, creating an
increased dexterity in the arm.
The main function of the lower limbs is locomotion. They carry the
weight of the body and attachment for the large muscle groups
involved in movement (walking, running etc.) The fibula in the
lower leg runs parallel to the tibia, acting as a brace and providing
extra support and muscle attachment.
The Hands and Feet (page 59)
The wrist contains a number of small bones that allow it a
great range of motion. The thumbs ability to touch each
finger (opposability) allows fine motor control and excellent
manual dexterity.
A
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
Clavicle
Scapula
Humerus
Ulna
Radius
Carpals
Metacarpals
Phalanges
A
Pelvis
B
Sacrum
C
Femur
D
Patella
E
Tibia
F
Fibula
G
Tarsals
H
Metatarsals
I
Phalanges
J
Navicular
K
Calcaneus
The wrist contains a number of small bones that allow it a great range of
motion. The thumbs ability to touch each finger (opposability) allows fine
motor control and excellent manual dexterity.
The feet are responsible for transferring weight from heel through to toes
during locomotion. The foot contains two arches to help with locomotion.
The longitudinal arch runs the length of the foot and the transverse arch
cuts across the foot. The arches act as shock absorbers as weight is
transferred through the feet.
Functions of the vertebral column
•Protect and support the spinal cord.
•Provide attachment for muscles.
•Attachment for ribs, girdles and cranium.

Normally 12 pairs of ribs.

7 pairs of true ribs – attached to sternum.

5 pairs of false ribs – not attached directly to
the sternum.
(2 of these pairs are floating)