Macromolecules
SB1C.
Identify the function of the four
major macromolecules
(carbohydrates, proteins, lipids,
nucleic acids).
1
Organic Compounds
• Compounds that contain CARBON
are called organic.
• Macromolecules are large organic
molecules.
2
Macromolecules
• Large organic molecules.
• Also called POLYMERS.
• Made up of smaller “building blocks”
called MONOMERS or SUBUNITS.
• Examples:
1. Carbohydrates
2. Lipids
3. Proteins
4. Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)
3
Carbohydrates
4
Carbohydrates
• Small sugar molecules to large
sugar molecules.
• Made up of C,H,O 1:2:1
• Examples:
A. monosaccharide
B. disaccharide
C. polysaccharide
5
Carbohydrates
Subunit: Monosaccharide-one
sugar unit
Examples:
glucose
glucose (C6H12O6)
deoxyribose
ribose
Fructose
Galactose
6
Carbohydrates
Disaccharide: two sugar unit
Examples:
– Sucrose (glucose+fructose)
– Lactose (glucose+galactose)
– Maltose (glucose+glucose)
glucose
glucose
7
Carbohydrates
Polysaccharide: many sugar units
Examples: starch (bread, potatoes)
glycogen (beef muscle)
cellulose (lettuce, corn)
glucose
glucose
glucose
glucose
cellulose
glucose
glucose
glucose
glucose
8
Lipids
9
What are Lipids?
• General term for compounds which
are not soluble in water.
• Lipids are soluble in hydrophobic
solvents.
• Elements: C,H,O
10
Lipids
Subunit:
Triglycerides are composed of 1
glycerol and 3 fatty acids.
H
O
H-C----O C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3
O
H-C----O C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3
O
fatty acids
H-C----O C-CH -CH -CH -CH
2
2
2
H
glycerol
11
Lipids
• Function: “stores the most
energy”
• Examples: 1. Fats
2. Phospholipids
3. Oils
4. Waxes
5. Steroid hormones
6. Triglycerides
12
Lipids
Six functions of lipids:
1. Long term energy storage
2. Protection against heat loss
(insulation)
3. Protection against physical shock
4. Protection against water loss
5. Chemical messengers (hormones)
6. Major component of membranes
(phospholipids)
13
Proteins
14
Proteins (Polypeptides)
• Amino acids (20 different kinds of aa)
bonded together by peptide bonds
(polypeptides).
• Elements: C, H, O, N, and sometimes S
15
Proteins (Polypeptides)
• Six functions and
1. Storage:
2. Transport:
3. Regulatory:
4. Movement:
5. Structural:
6. Enzymes:
examples of proteins:
albumin (egg white)
hemoglobin
hormones
muscles
membranes, hair, nails
cellular reactions
16
Nucleic
Acids
17
Nucleic acids
• Nucleic acids are used for storing and
transmitting genetic information
• Two types:
a. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNAdouble helix)
b. Ribonucleic acid (RNA-single
strand)
• Elements: C,H,O,N,P
18
Nucleic acids
• Subunit: Nucleotides
– Parts:
phosphate group
pentose sugar (5-carbon)
nitrogenous bases:
adenine (A)
thymine (T) DNA only
uracil (U) RNA only
cytosine (C)
guanine (G)
19
Nucleotide
Phosphate
Group
O
O=P-O
O
5
CH2
O
N
C1
C4
Nitrogenous base
(A, G, C, or T)
Sugar
(deoxyribose)
C3
C2
20
5
DNA
double
helix
O
3
3
O
P
5
O
C
G
1
P
5
3
2
4
4
2
3
1
P
T
5
A
P
3
O
O
P
5
O
3
5
P
21