The Brain
The Meninges (D.A.P.)
•Dura mater - outermost
layer (tough mother)
•Arachnoid mater - no
blood vessels, in between
layer (resembles a spider
web)
•Pia mater -inner
membrane, contains nerves
and blood vessels to nourish
cells (tender mother)
The Meninges
CSF = cerebrospinal fluid
Figure 13.25a
Dura mater is being
peeled away in this
photo.
Subdural Hematoma
THE BRAIN
• ANATOMICAL REGIONS
oCerebrum
oCerebellum
oBrain Stem
CEREBELLUM
• Balance and coordination
• Could be involved in motor skill learning
Cerebrum wrinkly large
part of the
brain, largest
area in
humans,
higher mental
function
Brain Stem -
regulates
visceral
functions
(autonomic
system)
Figure 13.4
1. Cerebral Hemispheres
- left and right side separated by the ....
2. Corpus Callosum
- connects the two
hemispheres
- Some functions appear
“lateralized” but the rightbrain, left-brain hypothesis
is mostly debunked
Corpus callosum
3. Convolutions of the Brain
- the wrinkles and
grooves of the cerebrum
Fissures = deep groove
Sulcus = shallow groove
Gyrus = bump / ridge
4. Fissures – separate lobes
Longitudinal fissure - separate right and left sides
Transverse Fissure - separates cerebrum from
cerebellum
Lateral Fissure separates the temporal lobe from
the Frontal and Parietal lobes
Lissencephaly
• Lack of gyri and
sulci
Albert Einstein’s Brain
Albert Einstein’s Brain
Albert Einstein’s Brain
Lobes of the Brain
(general functions)
5. Frontal – reasoning,
thinking, language,
conscious thought
6. Parietal – touch,
pain, relation of body
parts (somatosensory)
7. Temporal Lobe –
hearing, smell
8. Occipital – vision
LOBES OF THE BRAIN
(CEREBRUM)
Figure 13.7a
Sulcus = groove
Gyrus = raised bump
Fissure = deep groove
Cerebral Cortex - thin layer of gray matter that is
the outermost portion of cerebrum (the part with
all the wrinkles)
Functional and Structural Areas of
the Cerebral Cortex
Figure 13.11a
FUNCTIONAL REGIONS
• A. MOTOR AREAS
• B. SENSORY AREAS
• C. ASSOCIATION
Motor Areas
• Primary Motor Cortex
in Parietal Lobe
• controls voluntary
movements
• also has Broca's Area
(speech)
Sensory Area
• Primary Somatosensory Cortex in parietal lobe
• involved in feelings and sensations = vision,
hearing, smell, touch, taste
Association Areas
• higher levels of thinking, interpreting
and analyzing information
VENTRICLES OF THE BRAIN
Four fluid filled cavities, contain CSF
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) - fluid
that protects and supports brain
Intraventricular Hemmhorage
• A.k.a. “brain bleed”
• Baby is so premature
that capillaries are too
weak to hold blood,
blood escapes and fills
ventricles
BRAIN STEM
Figure 13.4
1. Diencephalon
(Interbrain – top of
brainstem ) consists of two
main parts:
2. Hypothalamus – hormonal regulation of
heart rate, blood pressure, body temp, hunger.
Connected to pituitary gland (Endocrine
System)
3. Thalamus - relay station for sensory info
4. Optic Tract / Chiasma - optic nerves
cross over each other
BRAIN STEM
• Consists of three main parts:
oPONS
oMIDBRAIN
(Mesencephalon)
oMEDULLA OBLONGATA
Cerebellum balance,
coordination
5. Midbrain (Mesencephalon) – visual reflexes, eye
movements; motivation
6. Pons - relay sensory information; dreams
7. Medulla – heart, respiration, blood pressure
Thalamus
Pineal gland
Hypothalamus
Corpus callosum
Medulla
Oblongata
Pons
Midbrain
9. HIPPOCAMPUS
• The hippocampus plays a major role in memories.
• Neurogenesis – development of new neurons
10. The LIMBIC SYSTEM
• Major role in emotion and memory
• also includes olfactory lobes - memory,
emotion, and smell are linked.
• Includes hippocampus,
amygdala, mammilary
body, and others
Spinal Cord
passes down the vertebral canal,
has 31 pairs of spinal nerves
Cervical enlargement = supplies
nerves to upper limbs (neck)
Lumbar enlargement = supplies
nerves to the lower limbs (lower
back)
FUNCTION: conducting nerve
impulses, serves as a center for
spinal reflexes
ASCENDING impulses travel to the
brain (sensory)
DESCENDING impulses travel to the
muscles (motor)
Spinal reflexes - reflex arcs pass through
the spinal cord