Lab Exercise 24
Anatomy of the Respiratory System
Portland Community College
BI 233
1
Introduction
• Provides oxygen to the cells of the body and
removes carbon dioxide
Upper & Lower Respiratory
System
 Upper Respiratory
System




Nose
Nasal cavity
Paranasal sinuses
Pharynx
3
Respiratory system
 Lower Respiratory
System




Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Lungs
4
Nasal bones
• Frontal and nasal bones
form the nasal bridge and
processes of the maxillae
make up the lateral walls.
• Nasal septum divides the
nasal cavity into right and
left halves formed by
vomer and perpendicular
plate of the ethmoid
5
Nasal Turbinates or Conchae
• Ciliated pseudostratified
columnar epithelium with
.
goblet cells pushes trapped
dust toward the back of the
throat to be swallowed.
6
Nasal Cavity
7
Nasal Cavity
Opening of
Auditory
Tube
Superior
Middle &
Inferior
Turbinates
or
Chonchae
External
Nares
8
Nasal Cavity
 The nasal epithelium covering the conchae
serves to cleanse, warm and humidify the air
• Nasal conchae increase the surface areas for
the mucus epithelium
 The olfactory epithelium in the upper medial part
of the nasal cavity is involved in the sense of
smell.
 The nasal cavity serves as a resonating
chamber as well as an avenue for escaping air.
9
Sinuses
All the sinuses are
continuous with the nasal
cavity are lined by mucous
membrane.
Mucous secretions drain
into the nasal cavities.
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
Pharynx
• Connects the nasal and oral cavities to the
larynx and esophagus
• Anatomically divided into 3 sections:
1. Nasopharynx
2. Oropharynx
3. Laryngopharynx
21
Pharynx
22
Uvula
• During swallowing, the soft palate elevates and the
uvula closes off the internal nares, preventing
food or fluids from entering the nasal cavity.
23
Tonsils
Pharyngeal
Tonsils
(Adenoids)
Palatine
Tonsils
Lingual
Tonsils
24
Tonsils
Pharyngeal
tonsils
• Tonsils: lymphoid tissue.
Palatine
tonsils
25
26
27
28
29
30
Larynx: aka Voice Box
• Made of 9 pieces of cartilage, the most important
are:
• Thyroid cartilage (Adam’s Apple)
• Thyrohyoid membrane
• Cricoid Cartilage
• Cricothyroid ligament
• Epiglottis
31
Hyoid Bone
Larynx
Epiglottis
Thyroid Cartilage
Cricoid Cartilage
Thyrohyoid
Membrane
Thyrohyoid
ligament
Cricothyroid
Ligament
Tracheal Cartilage
32
Inside the Larynx
• Vestibular Folds:
• Also called false vocal cords, ventricular band of
larynx, ventricular folds, and upper folds
• Vocal Cords, or vocal folds
• Lower, “true” vocal cords
• Attach to the arytenoid cartilages by the vocal
ligaments (internal)
• Glottis: The vocal cords and the space (rima
glottidis) between them.
33
Inside the Larynx
34
Inside the Larynx
Rima Glottidis
True Vocal
Cords
Glottis
Epiglottis
Tongue
35
Glottis: True cords plus opening
Rima Glottidis = The opening
36
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pNcV6yAfqg Swallowing 8secs in
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iYpDwhpILk
Q Larynx 30secs in
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XGds2GAvGQ first 45 secs
37
Larynx
Airways
Trachea
The carina is the last
cartilage which
separates the
entrances to the left
and right primary
bronchi
Right Mainstem
Bronchi
Left Mainstem
Bronchi
Secondary
Bronchi
Carina
Secondary
Bronchi
38
Bronchi
• The carina of the last tracheal cartilage marks
the end of the trachea and the beginning of the
right and left bronchi
• Left main stem bronchus
• Right main stem bronchus
• Bronchi subdivide into secondary bronchi, each
supplying a lobe of the lungs
39
Respiratory Tree
40
Branching of Bronchial Tree
Trachea
Primary Bronchi
Secondary Bronchi
Tertiary Bronchi
Bronchioles
Terminal/Respiratory Bronchioles
41
Lungs
•
•
•
•
Apex: the part under the clavicle
Base: the part touching the diaphragm
Costal Surface: the part touching the ribs
Hilus: indentation containing pulmonary and systemic
blood vessels
• Left Lung has 2 lobes and a cardiac notch
• Left upper lobe
• Left lower lobe
• Right Lung has 3 lobes
• Right upper lobe, middle lobe, lower lobe
42
Apex
Lungs
LUL
RUL
Hilus
RML
LLL
RLL
Base
43
Lungs: Medial View
44
Lung Lobes
45
Pleura
• Pleura is the double-layered sac of serous membrane
• Parietal Pleura is the outer layer and is attached to the
thoracic walls
• Visceral Pleura is the inner layer covering the lung tissue
• The layers are only touching, they are not fused
together
• The potential space is called the pleural cavity
• There is serous fluid between the layers which allows them
to slide against each other during breathing
46
Pleural cavity is in
between the two
layers
47
Mediastinum
• The area between the
lungs.
• Posterior to the sternum
• Anterior to the vertebrae
• Contains the heart,
great vessels,
esophagus and thymus
48
Trachea Histology
• Composed of three layers
1. Mucosa: made up of goblet cells and ciliated
pseudostratified columnar epithelium
2. Submucosa: connective tissue deep to the mucosa
3. Adventitia: outermost layer, has C-shaped rings of
hyaline cartilage
49
Trachea
50
Trachea Histology
51
Trachea Histology
52
Seromucous Glands (Trachea)
53
Trachea
Pseudostratified
Columnar
Epithelium
Submucosa with
seromucous
glands
Hyaline Cartilage
54
Bronchi
Bronchioles
• Tissue walls of bronchi mimic that of the
trachea
• As conducting tubes become smaller,
structural changes occur and eventually they
become bronchioles
• Cartilage support structures change
• Bronchioles differ from bronchi in that they lack
cartilage
• Epithelium types change
• Amount of smooth muscle increases
55
Bronchi Histology
56
Bronchiole Histology
Notice the lack of cartilage
Simple columnar
epithelium
57
Bronchioles
Respiratory Bronchioles
• Respiratory Bronchioles : Continued branching
leads to the area where gas exchange occurs by
simple diffusion
58
Respiratory Bronchioles
Alveolar Ducts
Alveolar sacs
59
Alveolar sacs
Alveoli
• Alveolar sacs look like clusters of grapes
• The “individual grapes” are alveoli
60
Type II Pneumocytes
are cuboidal and
produce surfactant
Type 1 Pneumocytes are
flattened for gas exchange
61
Alveoli Histology
62
63
Respiratory Membrane
•
The area where gas exchange between air and
blood occurs
• It is the fused alveolar and capillary walls (3
layers)
1. Squamous type 1 alveolar epithelium
2. Fused basal laminae
3. Squamous endothelial cells in pulmonary
capillaries
64
Respiratory Membrane
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
The End
• Make sure that you
can identify structures
on the models
• Identify the structures
on microscopes
74