CHAPTER 8
The New Republic Faces a New Century
1800 – 1815
“. . . the Revolution of 1800” Thomas Jefferson
“ ‘Notwithstand[ing] a thousand Faults and blunders,’ John Adams told
Jefferson in 1817, Madison’s administration had ‘acquired more
glory, and established more Union than all his three Predecessors,
Washington, Adams, Jefferson, put together’.” Gordon Wood,
Revolutionary Characters pg. 171
“Were it left to me to decide whether we should have a government
without newspapers, or newspapers without a government, I should
not hesitate a moment to prefer the latter.”
Thomas Jefferson
Election of 1800
©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license.
“Thomas Jefferson on Politics & Government”
http://etext.virginia.edu/jefferson/quotations/
Containing over 2,700 quotes from Thomas Jefferson, this
site contains, in his own words, Jefferson’s thoughts on the
theory and structure of Republican government, citizens’
rights, and judicial review. Also, this site offers numerous
links to other resources that contain additional writing of
Jefferson.
The Louisiana Purchase and the Lewis and Clark Expedition
The vast expanse of the Louisiana Purchase was virtually unknown
territory to Americans before the Lewis and Clark expedition
gathered a mass of scientific information about it.
From a famous story about a Federalist asking
permission for the family Bible to be left in the home of
a Jeffersonian during the election of 1800:
“. . . if all Bibles are to be destroyed, what is the use of
bringing yours to me?”
“It will be perfectly safe with you. They’ll never think of
looking in the house of a Democrat for a Bible.”
"Other historians relate facts to inform us of facts. You
relate them to excite in our hearts an intense hatred of lying,
ignorance, hypocrisy, superstition, tyranny; and the anger
remains even after the memory of the facts has
disappeared." Diderot, writing of Voltaire
How Democratic Is America?
By: Howard Zinn
I propose a set of criteria for the description "democratic" which
goes beyond formal political institutions, to the quality of life in
the society (economic, social, psychological), beyond majority
rule to a concern for minorities, and beyond national boundaries
to a global view of what is meant by "the people," in that rough,
but essential correct view of democracy as "government of, by,
and for the people."
1. To what extent can various people in the society participate
in those decisions which affect their lives: decisions in the
political process and decisions in the economic structure?
2. As a corollary of the above: do people have equal access to
the information which they need to make important
decisions?
3. Are the members of the society equally protected on
matters of life and death - in the most literal sense of that
phrase?
4. Is there equality before the law: police, courts, the judicial
process - as well as equality with the law enforcing institutions, so
as to safeguard equally everyone's person, and his freedom from
interference by others, and by the government?
5. Is there equality in the distribution of available resources: those
economic goods necessary for health, life, recreation, leisure,
growth?
6. Is there equal access to education, to knowledge and training, so
as to enable persons in the society to live their lives as fully as possible,
to enlarge their range of possibilities?
7. Is there freedom of expression on all matters, and equally for all
to communicate with other members of the society?
8. Is there freedom for individuality in private life, in sexual
relations, family relations, the right of privacy?
9. Do education and the culture in general foster a spirit of
cooperation and amity to sustain the above conditions?
10. As a final safety feature: is there opportunity to protest, to
disobey the laws, when the foregoing objectives are being lost - as
a way of restoring them?
Annotated Bibliography
 Gary B. Nash, Forging Freedom: The Formation of
Philadelphia’s Black Community, 1720-1840 (1988).
This study of the struggles of Philadelphia’s
African-American population (both enslaved and
free) to build a community in the early republic
includes discussions of work, religion, class, and
the responses of the African-American
community to growing white hostility.
 Laurel Thatcher Ulrich, A Midwife’s Tale: The Life of
Martha Ballard, Based of her Diary, 1785-1812
(1990). A 20-year-long diary provided the primary
source for this careful examination of the work,
family events, and daily social interactions of a
midwife in rural Maine in the early Republic.
Recommended
 Henry Adams, The United States in 1800
 Walter LaFeber, John Quincy Adams and the
American Continental Empire (1965)
 Carey McWilliams, North From Mexico: the SpanishSpeaking People of the US (1948)
 David Weber, The Spanish Frontier in North America
(1993)
 Biography VHS: Lewis and Clark Expedition
Chapter Review
 Trace the events leading to the Second Great Awakening,
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and identify how a renewed interest in religion manifested
itself in different regions.
Explain the fundamentals of Jeffersonian democracy.
Trace the growth of the judiciary and understand the
significance of cases like Marbury v. Madison.
List the reasons why Jefferson was interested in securing
the Louisiana Territory and the reasons Napoleon was
willing to give it up.
Explain the events that led to the War of 1812 and its
outcome.
Explain the Hartford Convention.
Concepts
 Marbury v. Madson, Fletcher v. Peck [GA can’t break contract]
 Dartmouth v. Woodward, McCullough v. Maryland [Marshall]
 1804 – 1806 Louis and Clark Expedition, Sacagawea
 Henry Clay’s American System: national bank, tariffs, internal
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improvements
Chesapeake Incident, impressment
Embargo Act of 1807
Treaty of Ghent, Battle of New Orleans
Hartford Convention
Pan-Indian resistance, Tecumseh, the Prophet, Wm H. Harrison
Battle of Put-in-Bay, New Orleans, Horseshoe Bend
Second Bank of the U. S., 1816
Transcontinental Treaty of 1819
War Hawks – Henry Clay, K. and John C. Calhoun, SC
John Paul Jones, the USS Constitution
Second Great Awakening
The Hartford Convention
 Federalists in New England against the war in 1814
 Issues
 Right of States to declare federal laws unconstitutional
 Proposed Amendments
 Removal of 3/5ths clause for House and electors
 2/3rds majority in Congress to declare war and add new states
 One-term presidency
 Residents of same state can’t succeed one another in office
 Nationalized citizens prohibited from federal positions
 Note: Rexford Tugwell’s 1940s world constitution is
on my web site.
I.
Religion in American Society
 Second Great Awakening revivals, 1790s to 1830s
 Mainly Methodists, Baptists and Presbyterians in West
 Evangelicalism spreads throughout country
 Millennium [Christ’s return]
 Small sects such as the Shakers also emerge
 Mother Lee, celebacy
 Universalists
 Revivalism comes to Native Americans, with tribal leaders
calling for rejection of American ways
 African Methodist Episcopal Church

Reverends Richard Allen and Absolom Jones
Native America
1783-1812
II.
African Americans
 Though slavery ends fairly quickly in North, discrimination
continues
 Attempted slave rebellions in South create atmosphere of
fear that leads to more harsh treatment
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1800 Virginia, Gabriel Prosser
[1820s Denmark Vesey]
[1831 Nat Turner]
Distribution of Slave Population, 1790-1820
III.
Jefferson’s Republic
 A tie between Jefferson and Burr in 1800; the House of Rep’s
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selects the president
Adams’ peacemaking with France contributes to Jefferson’s success
in disputed 1800 election
Jefferson comes to terms with nation’s growing importance in world
affairs
Judiciary Act establishes courts, and Marbury v. Madison validates
judicial review
Twelfth Amendment is enacted to prevent future voting problems
[Federalist elector could vote for intended Jeffersonian vice
president]
Thomas Jefferson
Copy of painting by Rembrandt
Peale, circa 1805. Thomas
Jefferson (1743-1826), author
of the Declaration of
Independence and the Statute
of Virginia for Religious
Freedom, and third president
of the United States, sought to
both enlarge the United States,
and to raise the young nation's
prestige in the eyes of the
world.
Albert Gallatin
Albert Gallatin (1761-1849),
fourth Secretary of the
Treasury, early advocated an
infrastructure that would
support a ''market
economy.'' A ''gifted and
devoted Jeffersonian,'' he
wholeheartedly supported the
Louisiana Purchase, and
arranged financing for its
exploration. He is credited
with being the first to
propose the National Road
(also called the Cumberland
Road -- today's US Highway
40), which links the nation
from coast to coast, giving
western farmers access to the
markets in the east.
IV.
The Louisiana Purchase
 Jefferson agrees to purchase Louisiana Territory, despite
constitutional misgivings
 Jefferson is stymied in goal to gain West Florida
 Lewis and Clark explore Louisiana Territory

Sacagawea
 Spanish wrestle with settlement of Texas
 Aaron Burr becomes involved in conspiracy to build
separate nation in the West
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
General James Wilkinson
1807 treason trial, acquittal because Judge John Marshall
required “gathering of troops” for conviction
The Louisiana Purchase
Western Exploration, 1803-1807
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V.
More Foreign Entanglements
 Neutrality proves perilous
 Embargo of 1807 backfires
 Gile’s Act, use militia against smugglers
 Non-Intercourse Act, could trade with all countries except Britain
and France [until they honored “neutrality”]
 France agreed to honor neutrality – however, British continued to
impress and capture US ships headed to France]
 1811, Battle of Tippecanoe
 Red Sticks, ShawneesTecumseh, the Prophet
Tenkswatawa
The Prophet Tenkswatawa was
the spiritual leader of the panIndian movement that sought
to revitalize native culture and
block the spread of white
settlement in the Old
Northwest. Courtesy of Library
of Congress
The Battle of Tippecanoe
The Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811 between the American army and
the Shawnee. Tecumseh, leader of the Shawnee, later sought British
assistance to drive the Americans from Shawnee lands.
VI.
Madison and the War of 1812
 Jefferson is replaced by James Madison
 New president must deal with Britain
 War of 1812 begins unexpectedly, to delight of many
 National anthem, burning of US Capitol, Dolley Madison
 Battle of the Thames
 Tecumseh killed, the Prophet lives
 Conflict stalls until 1814, then is quickly ended
 Hartford Convention delegates oppose war -- but too
late

Nullification, interposition
 Treaty of Ghent officially returns situation to status quo
ante bellum
 War’s largest battle takes place after signing of peace
treaty -- the Battle of New Orleans, New Orleans
Web
James Madison
James Madison was the
principal architect of the United
States Constitution and an
important friend and ally of his
fellow Virginian, Thomas
Jefferson. Madison's
presidency (1809-1817) was
dominated by the War of 1812
with Great Britain.
Dolley Madison
Dolley Madison, the engaging
young wife of James
Madison, Jefferson’s
secretary of state, served as
the unofficial social hostess in
the White House during the
administration of Jefferson, a
widower.
Burning of the White House
“Burning of the White House” by Leslie Saalburg
The War of 1812
Most of the battles of the
War of 1812 were fought
along the Canadian–
American border, where
American armies
repeatedly tried to invade
Canada. Despite the
effectiveness of the British
naval blockade, the
American navy was
successful in denying the
British strategic control of
the Great Lakes. Andrew
Jackson’s smashing
victory at the Battle of New
Orleans convinced
Americans that they had won
the war.
©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license.
War of 1812
Surrender of Red Eagle
Creek war leader Red Eagle surrenders to Andrew Jackson after the
Battle of Horseshoe Bend in 1814.