Alkanes

All end in -ane


General formula CnH2n+2
Identify by the C-C bone (single)

Saturated Hydrocarbons
Alkenes



All end in –ene
General Formula CnH2n
See C=C double bond
Alkynes

All end with –yne
General Formula of CnH2n-2
 Identify the triple bond

Cyclic Hydrocarbons




Also called Aromatic
Hydrocarbons
Also called Benzene series
General formula is CnH2n-6
Benzene C6H6
Cyclic Hydrocarbons
Toluene C7H8
 Also called Methyl Benzene

Steps
1. Identify the longest C-C continuous chain
Steps
2. Look for any C=C or C=C Bonds and identify
by the lowest Carbon number location
Step 3. Look for any Alkyl side chains:
(Alkyl groups are Alkanes less 1 Hydrogen)
Alkane
Alkyl
 Have
the same molecular formula
 Different structural formula
R = an atom or group of atoms
in a Hydrocarbon chain
X = a Halogen
(Group 17)
R-X
Naming Rule
Indicate position of halogen on
longest hydrocarbon chain.
R-OH
Naming Rule
Indicate position of -OH group on carbon
chain.
Change “e” of alkane name to “ol.”
R–O–R
Naming Rule
Name each R group and tack-on “ether.”
Naming Rules
Aldehydes: Change “e” of alkane name to “al”
Ketones: Indicate position of carbonyl
Change “e” of alkane to “one”
Naming Rules
Change alkane “e” to “oic acid”
O
R – C – O – R’
Naming Rules
1. Name R’ alcohol group
2. Change R alkane “e” to “oate”
***HHH______ Made from combining an Acid and an Alcohol
R’
R – N – R’’
Naming Rules
Label position of N.
Change “e” of alkane name to “amine.”
O
R’
R–C–N–H
Naming Rule
Change “e” of R alkane name to “amide”
Adding a halogen to an unsaturated
hydrocarbon (alkene / alkyne)
Yields 1 product!
+ Br2
Adding a halogen to a saturated
hydrocarbon (alkane)
Yields 2 products, one an acid!
+ Br2
Br
+ HBr
A reaction that always yields Ethanol and
CO2! Recall: anaerobic Respiration??
A burn reaction (always needs O2) and
always yields CO2 and H2O
Making of Soap, always yields an Alcohol
(Glycerol) and Soap!
Look for the 3 NaOH bases!!!!
Making Esters
Acid + Alcohol yields an Ester and Water
+
C
C
ethanol
+ H2O
Making Esters
Acid + Alcohol yields an Ester and Water
Note the Esters
1. fragrances, sweet smells (bananas)
Naming revisit
1. Start with the Alcohol Side
2. Finish with the Acid side
The making of polymers
1. Natural – proteins, polysaccharides
2. Artificial – plastics, nylons, rayon
n
Addition Polymerization
Addition Polymerization
Condensation Polymerization
Always yields Water!