SCIENTIFIC REPORT
and
Publication Writing
FORMAT OF SIP
A good SIP /research paper
includes the following sections:
Title Page
• title of the project must be brief,
simple and catchy (max 15 words)
• it must reflect the subject of your
research
• You may use subtitles
Ex: From trash to cash: Utilization of Water
Hyacinth for…
Abstract
• should consist of short, concise descriptions of the
problem and its solution. It must be one page only,
single-spaced with a maximum of 250 words,
typewritten in Times New Roman style, font 11. It
must also state the following:
•
•
•
•
Purpose or Objective
Procedure/s used
Results
Conclusion
Acknowledgement
– contains the names of people and
agencies that helped in the
conduct of the work described.
Table of Contents
– lists
the different parts of the whole
report with the corresponding page
number of each part. The wording
and grammar of the chapter titles,
heading and title tables and figures
should be consistent.
Chapter I –
Introduction
informs the reader of the problem
under study. It shows the nature of
scope and the problem, its historical
and theoretical background and a
review of literature relevant to the
problem.
The Introduction is about one -two pages
It usually leads into the research
problem.
(The best way to present it is from
global-regional-national-local). In a
journal presentation, references are
already included.
a) Background of the Study
– states the rationale of the study. It
explains briefly why the
investigator chose this study to
work on.
b). Statement of Problems/Objectives
– the nature and scope of the problem should
be presented with clarity. Two types of
objectives or problems maybe stated:
1) General Objective – this is related to the
problem as given in the early part of the
section.
2) Specific Objectives – this states the
purpose of each experiment conducted.
Usually, one general problem and
three specific problems which derived
from the general problem will be
stated.
The research problems should be
specific, reliable, valid, measurable,
objectively stated.
It can be a question form or in a
declarative statement.
Example
General Objective:
This study aims to isolate
bacteria which are potential against
E. coli and S. aureus that could be
used in the absorption of Lead (Pb)
in order to treat Pb-contaminated
water
and
soil
and
other
contaminants.
Specific Objectives:
Specifically, it aims to:
1. Isolate bacteria from Mt. Magdiwata, mangrove
areas and mining sites;
2. Test the bacterial isolates against E. coli and S.
aureus;
3. Determine if there is a significant difference on
absorption of lead by the bacterial isolates.
3. Formulation of the Hypothesis
The Formulation of the Hypothesis
has two types namely: the null
hypothesis (Ho) and affirmative
hypothesis (Ha).
Hypotheses is a scientific guess
which
intends
subject
for
thorough investigation.
It is
recommended
to
use
null
hypothesis in your research
project.
Example of Null Hypothesis:
Based from the problems, the following null
hypotheses were formulated:
1. The bacterial isolates cannot inhibit the growth of E.
coli and S. aureus;
2. The bacterial isolates are not potential for lead
absorption.
3. There is no significant difference on the amount of
lead absorbed by each isolates.
c) Theoritical and Conceptual Framework
– forms the basis that will support the
concept and theories of the study.
States the variables involved and
defines the applicable scientific
concept. (optional)
d) Significance of the Study
 indicates how important is your
investigatory project for the people,
environment and community as a
whole.
Is it really relevant in the
changing world or global impact
into the field of technology?
e) Scope and Limitations
– states the coverage and
extent of the study
Chapter II
Review of Related Literature
- sufficient background information should
be presented for readers to understand
and evaluate results of the present study.
Only the important studies and theories
written on the topic should be included.
• Note: Do not copy/paste downloaded
materials
Chapter III
-
Methodology
- provides enough details so that a
competent worker can repeat the
experiments.
a) Materials/Equipment
- the exact technical specifications,
quantities and source of method of
preparation for all materials used
should be given. Specifically-built
equipment used in the study must be
described and the description
accompanied by a picture.
b) Sampling Procedure
- the method used in gathering data.
Ex. Through questionnaires,
interviews, or for experimental
methods, the sampling procedure used
in gathering specimens and materials.
Example of Sampling Procedures:
a) For water sample: Is it grab sampling or composite
sampling? How deep? Method of collection? How
the sample is preserved? Time of the day? How
much? etc…
b) For soil sample: Is the area plotted? How the
sample is preserved? How deep? How much? etc...
c) For fish sample: is it scales? Or flesh? How much?
etc …
c) Research Design
The Research Design discusses
the method on how you will
present your result, and will be the
basis of your experiments.
Cup Cylinder Assay
Experimental Set-up
(Bacillus Isolates)
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Cubense
as test organism
Zone of Inhibition
R1
1
2
3
4
5
Positive Control
Negative Control
R2
R3
Average
Note: There should at least be 3
replicates to be statistically
feasible.
d) Treatment/General Procedure
– the manner and sequence by which each
experiment or sets of observation were done
and how measurements were obtained
should be described in detail. Avoid using the
“recipe style” when stating the step-by-step
procedure. Use the narrative form in the past
tense.
Chapter IV.
Results and Discussions
- this may be divided into sub-sections
describing each set of experiments or
observations
- The order of presentation must follow
the objectives of the study.
a) Findings
– the data may be presented in full and
described descriptively in the text or these
may be summarized in tables, pictures and
graphs. The statistical test used to
determine the possible significance of the
finding should be described. Tables,
pictures and graphs should make the
presentation of the data more meaningful.
b) Analysis of Data
– the interpretation of the findings is discussed
and the significant features shown in the table,
figures or graphs are pointed out.
- It will be better to support discussions with
readings on related literature. In such case,
family name of author and year of publication
must follow the citation.
Chapter V
Conclusions and Recommendations
• Conclusions – the general truth implied
or illustrated by the results should be
clearly stated. The evidence based on
the results should be summarized for
each statement. Conclusion must
answer your objectives, and must be
presented just as you present your
objectives.
Recommendations
Recommendations – consists of suggestions
on future actions such as a new direction of
research or further experiments to be
performed, practices that might be adapted
or discarded in order to attain certain goals
or objectives.
Bibiliography
- an alphabetical list of all materials consulted in
the preparation of the study/research paper.
- Downloaded materials should present author,
title of article, URL, and date downloaded.
Note: www.google.com is not a bibliography.
Appendices
- Figures, Definition of Key Terms, Pictorials,
Statistical Analysis and other supporting
documents. Standard testing procedures
could be included here. Should be labeled
from A to Z. Ex. Appendix D
A Good write-up
1.Conform with Guidelines.
2.Grammatical correct.
3.Well presented Research Design.
4.Properly presented procedure,
simple but complete.
5.Data well presented and well
analyzed data.
6.Good ABSTRACT.
7.Proper citation.
8.Stand alone
Preparation for Congress:
1
• Explore all possible questions.
Write the questions
2
• Answer your questions.
3
• Try to memorize what you will
say during congress.
Poster Presentation
Should follow a
proper format.
Poster Presentation
Remember :
“A winning contestant is
somebody who knows his
work, and highly confident
that he knows his work
better than anyone”.
"A winning piece is something of
which the Panelist has nothing more
to ask."
THANK
YOU !!!
WORKSHOP
• Group into 4
–
–
–
–
Group 1Group 2Group 3Group 4-
Introduction
Review of Related Literature
Methodology
Bibliography