6 Things You May Not Know About the
Spanish-American War
On April 24, 1898, Spain declared war on the United States, which days earlier
had passed a resolution supporting Cuba’s independence. The United States issued
its own declaration on April 25, making it retroactive to April 21. On the
anniversary of the Spanish-American War’s outbreak, explore six surprising facts
about the 10-week conflict.
1. We remember the Maine, but we don’t understand it.
In January 1898, as tensions flared between Cuban revolutionaries and Spanish
troops, the battleship USS Maine was sent to Havana to protect American interests
and civilians there. On February 15 a massive explosion sank the vessel, killing
266 sailors. Sensationalist newspaper articles and advocates of war accused the
Spanish of destroying the ship, and a naval inquiry soon concluded that a mine had
caused the disaster. With the rallying cry “Remember the Maine!” galvanizing
Americans, President William McKinley reluctantly signed a resolution
supporting Cuban independence and threatening Spain with military action.
Today, however, experts generally doubt the Spanish had a hand in Maine’s
demise. Though we may never know for sure what unleashed the tragedy that
helped spark a war, recent investigations have implicated the ship’s design,
ammunition storage and coal bunker.
2. The Rough Riders didn’t ride.
Famously led by future president Theodore Roosevelt, the 1st U.S. Volunteer
Cavalry played a key—though likely exaggerated—role in the decisive Battle of
San Juan Hill and took part in other confrontations of the Spanish-American War.
The unit’s title and nickname notwithstanding, this crew of cowboys, sheriffs,
outlaws and elites did very little riding. That’s because transport constraints forced
the soldiers to abandon nearly all of their horses and mules in Florida when they
shipped out to Cuba. While Roosevelt did indeed saddle up to lead his men, most
of the Rough Riders fought on foot.
3. For troops on both sides, yellow fever and typhoid were the real enemies.
The Spanish-American War claimed the lives of 3,000 Americans, but only a
small fraction of these soldiers died in combat. Yellow fever and typhoid
decimated entire units, swiftly spreading through camps in the Caribbean and the
southeastern United States. Illness had already ravaged the Spanish force even
before the conflict began, leaving only 55,000 out of 230,000 troops healthy
enough to fight. After the war, the U.S. Army set up a commission to investigate
the yellow fever problem, which continued to plague thousands of men still
stationed in Cuba. Overseen by Walter Reed, scientists conducted experiments
outside Havana that proved for the first time that mosquitoes spread the potentially
fatal sickness.
4. When American troops captured Guam, the island’s Spanish defenders
welcomed them.
On June 20, 1898, the cruiser USS Charleston arrived off the shore of Guam on
orders to capture the Spanish-controlled island. Steaming into the harbor, it fired
12 rounds to rout out any enemy combatants lurking in the long-abandoned fort of
Santa Cruz. To the Americans’ surprise, a Spanish officer rowed out to their ship
to welcome them; to his (possibly greater) astonishment, he was quickly taken
prisoner. As it turned out, neither the 60 Spanish marines stationed on Guam nor
the island’s civilians had any idea that war had broken out two months earlier.
5. The Spanish-American War saw the birth of Gitmo.
In June 1898, American and Cuban forces wrested control of Guantánamo Bay
from the Spanish. The strategically important harbor provided a crucial refuge for
the U.S. Navy when hurricane season struck soon after. Several years later, in
February 1903, President Theodore Roosevelt signed a treaty with Cuba’s new
government that leased the area to the United States for 2,000 gold coins—or
roughly $4,000—annually. (Though rent is still paid to this day, Fidel Castro’s
government refuses to cash the checks.) Guantánamo Bay Naval Base, sometimes
called Gitmo, is now America’s oldest overseas military installation.
6. The term “yellow journalism” came from a popular comic strip of the
1890s.
The blaring headlines and frenzied news articles published during the SpanishAmerican War are considered prime examples of the hyperbolic reporting style
known as yellow journalism. The press helped fuel not only Americans’
enthusiasm for the conflict abroad but also fervent nationalism—often bordering
on hostility to outsiders—on the home front. The term grew out of a feud between
two prominent newspaper publishers, William Randolph Hearst of the New York
Journal and Joseph Pulitzer of the New York World. Beginning in 1896, Pulitzer
printed a comic strip featuring a boy in a yellow nightshirt, entitled “The Yellow
Kid”; Hearst later poached the cartoon’s creator and ran it himself. Both
broadsheets brimmed with highly embellished reports, many focusing on Spain’s
alleged atrocities, throughout the Spanish-American War.