When you enter Honors Latin 3, you will have shifted from grammar study to actually reading and translating the ancient literature. You, nevertheless, will continue to build your vocabulary. This year, you will learn approximately 815 vocabulary words. In the normal
Latin 1 and 2 sequence, you would have learned approximately 870 words. So you will have approximately the same size vocabulary base as your fellow students in Latin 3. There also is substantial overlap (60-64%) of words that are the same between Latin 1/Latin 2 and Latin 1.5.
Some of the words you learn this year, other students will only learn in Latin 3 and vice versa.
I have put together some lists that compare your vocabulary to that of the regular sequence as
I thought it would be useful.
N.B.: there are no long marks anywhere on this handout, including ones which I will hold your responsible for knowing.
This handout includes the following:
1.
A chapter by chapter list of all vocabulary from Wheelock (with vocabulary which overlaps with the Latin 1 and 2 highlighted)
2.
A Categorized List of Wheelock vocabulary by parts of speech, conjugations, and
declensions to help you spot patterns in how principle parts and noun bases are formed.
3.
An alphabetic list of only the vocabulary learned both by Latin 1.5 students and by
Latin 1 and 2 students.
4.
A list of any vocabulary not covered in Wheelock but covered in the regular Latin 1-2
sequence. These words will not be used when we are going through the chapters this year. These are provided just FYI. If we have the chance in the spring semester (i.e., get through the chapters and move on to reading ancient prose passages), we will pick these up at that time. As you look over them, you may recognize a relation to words we have learned (e.g. we learn auctor/author and Latin 1&2 learns auctoritas/authority).
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Vocabulary Chapter by Chapter
The words in grey are not in the textbooks of regular Latin 1 amd Latin 2. Note: the words below are listed alphabetically within each chapter and not by part of speech as they are in your book. Gender is only given for nouns if they are the 3 rd declension or if they are unusual for the other declensions. N.B.: there are no long marks any where on this handout, including ones which I will hold your responsible for knowing.
Chapter I amo (1): to love cogito (1): to think, ponder, plan consider conservo(1): preserve, conserve debeo, debere, debui, debitum: ought, owe, must do, dare, dedi, datum: to give, offer erro (1): wander, err, go astray, be mistaken laudo (1): praise me: me moneo, monere, monui, monitum: advise, warn nihil (indecl. n.): nothing non: not quid: what saepe: often salveo, salvere: to be healthy servo (1): preserve, save, keep si: if terreo, terrere, terrui, territum: to frighten, terrify valeo, valere, valui, valiturus: to be strong, have power, be well (vale/valete = goodbye) video, videre, vidi, visum: to see understand voco (1): call, summon
Chapter II: antiquus, a, um: ancient, old-time, of old est: is, there is et: and fama, ae: rumor, report, fame forma, ae: form, shape, beauty fortuna, ae: fortune ira, ae: anger magnus, a, um meus, a, um: my (irreg. voc masc. sg. = mi)
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multus, a, um: many nauta, ae (m.): sailor
O!: Oh! patria, ae: country pecunia, ae: money philosophia, ae: love of wisdom, philosophy poena, ae: penalty, punishment (poenam dare = to pay the penalty) poeta, ae (m.): poet porta, ae: gate puella, ae: girl rosa, ae: rose sed: but sententia, ae: feeling, thought, opinion sine (+ abl.): without tuus, a, um: your (sing.) vita, ae: life, way of life
Chapter III: ager, agri: field agricola, ae (m.): farmer amicus, i: friend (and amica) avarus, a, um: greedy de (+ abl.): from, down from; about, concerning femina, ae: woman filia, ae: daughter filius, i: son habeo, habere, habui, habitum: have, hold, possess, consider hodie: today in (+ abl.): in, on numerus, i: number pauci, ae, a: a few, few populus, i: people, a nation puer, i: boy
Romanus, a, um: Roman sapientia, ae: wisdom satio (1): to satisfy, sate semper: always vir, viri: man
Chapter IV: basium, ii: kiss
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bellum, i: war bellus, a, um: pretty, handsome, charming bonus, a, um: good consilium, i: plan cura, ae: care, attention, caution, anxiety donum, i: gift exitium, ii: destruction, ruin humanus, a, um: pertaining to man, human; humane, kind, refined, cultivated iuvo, iuvare, iuvi, iutum: to help, aid ( also adiuvo ) magister, tri: master, teacher malus, a, um: bad, evil, wicked mora, ae: delay oculus, i: eye officium, i: duty, service, office or position otium, i: leisure, peace parvus, a, um: small, little periculum, i: danger, risk remedium, i (n.): cure, remedy stultus, a, um: foolish (substantive stultus = fool) sum, esse, fui, futurus: to be verus, a, um: true, real
Chapter V:
-ne: (enclitic on end of 1st word of sentence to indicate yes or no question to which the answer is uncertain) adulescentia, ae: youth, youthfulness, etc. animus, i: soul, spirit, mind (pl. = high spirits, courage, pride) caelum, i: sky, heaven ceno (1): to dine cras: tomorrow culpa, ae: fault, blame culpo (1): to blame, censure gloria, ae: glory, fame heri: yesterday igitur (postpositive conj.): therefore liber, libera, liberum: free maneo, ere: remain, stay, stay behind, abide, continue noster, nostra, nostrum: our, ours propter (+ acc.): on account of, because of pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum: beautiful quando: when (si quando: if ever) remaneo, ere, mansi, mansum: remain, stay, stay behind, abide, continue
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sanus, a, um: healthy, sound satis (indecl. noun, adj., adv.): enough, sufficient(ly) supero (1): be above, overcome, have the upperhand, surpass, conquer te: you, yourself (abl/acc. sg.) tum: then, at that time, thereupon, in the next place verbum, i: word
Chapter VI:
-que: (enclitic conj. to be appended to the second of two words to be joined) and dea, ae: goddess deus, i: god discipula, ae: student discipulus, i: student
Graecus, a, um: Greek (substantive Graecus = a Greek) ibi: there insidiae, arum: ambush, plot, treachery liber, libri: book nunc: now perpetuus, a, um: perpetual, uninterrupted, continuous plenus, a, um: full, etc. possum, posse, potui: to be able, can quare: wherefore, because of which. why; (interrog. adv. and conj.) where? salvus, a, um: safe, sound secundus, a, um: second, favorable tolero (1): bear, endure tyrannus, i: absolute ruler, tyrant ubi: (rel. adv. and conj.) where, when vester, vestra, vestrum: your (pl.), yours vitium, i: fault, crime, vice
Chapter VII: amor, amoris (m.): love audeo, audere, ausus sum: dare carmen, carminis (n.): song, poem civitas, -tatis (f.): state, citizenship corpus, corporis (n.): body homo, hominis (m.): man(kind) labor, laboris (m.): labor, work, toil littera, ae: a letter of the alphabet litterae, arum: a letter (epistle), literature mos, moris (m.): habit, custom, manner; mores, morum: character
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neco (1): to kill, murder novus, a, um: new, strange nomen, nominis (n.): name pax, pacis (f.): peace post (+ acc.): after, behind regina, ae: queen rex, regis (m.): king sub: (+ abl. with verbs of rest; + acc. w/ verbs of motion) under, up close to tempus, temporis (n.): time, occasion, opportunity terra, ae: earth, ground, land, country uxor, uxoris (f.): wife virgo, virginis (f.): maiden, virgin virtus, tutis (f.): virtue, merit
Chapter VIII: a, ab (+ abl.): from, away from, by ad (+ acc.): to, towards, up to, near to ago, agere, egi, actum: drive, do, act; spend or pass (time or life); gratias agere + dat = to thank
(lit. to give thanks to)
Cicero, Ciceronis (m.): Cicero copia, ae: abundance, supply copiae, copiarum: supplies, troops, forces demonstro or monstro (1) : to show, etc.
doceo, ere, docui, doctum: teach duco, ducere, duxi, ductum: lead dum: while, as long as, at the same time that e, ex (+ abl.): out of, from, by reason of, on account of frater, fratris (m.): brother gero, gerere, gessi, gestum: carry, carry on, manage, conduct, accomplish (+ bellum = wage war) laus, laudis (f.): praise, glory, fame libertas, libertatis (f.): freedom numquam: never ratio, rationis (f.): calculation, reason, judgement, consideration; system; manner, method scribo, scribere, scripsi, scriptum: to write, compose scriptor, scriptoris (m.): writer, author soror, sororis (f.): sister tamen: nevertheless traho, trahere, trxi, tractum: to drag, etc. victoria, ae: victory vinco, vincere, vici, victum: to conquer
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Chapter IX:
* = gen. -ius, dat. -i
*ille, illa, illud: that, those, the former, that famous
*hic, haec, hoc: this, these, the latter
*iste, ista, istud: that of yours, that or such (with contemptuous force)
*solus, a, um: alone, only, the only non solum...sed etiam: not only ... but also
* alius, a, ud: another, other
*unus, a, um: one, single
*alter, altera, alterum: the other (of 2)
*totus, a, um: whole, entire
*ullus, a, um: any
*nullus, a, um: no, none, not any
*neuter, neutra, neutrum: neither
*uter, utra, utrum: either locus, i: place, passage in literature loca, locorum: places, regions loci, locorum: passages morbus, i: disease studium, i, (n.): eagerness, zeal, pursuit, study enim (postpos. conj.) for, in fact, truly nimis, nimium: too, too much, excessively
Chapter X: amicitia, ae: friendship audio, audire, audivi, auditum: to hear beatus, a, um: blessed, happy, etc. capio, capere, cepi, captum: to take, capture, get cum (+ abl.): with cupiditas, -tatis (f): desire, longing, passion, cupidity, avarice dico, dicere, dixi, dictum: to say facio, facere, feci, factum: make, do fugio, fugere, fugi, fugitum: flee, hurry away, avoid, shun hora, ae: hour, time invenio, ire: come upon, find natura, naturae: nature quoniam (conj.): since senectus, utis (f.): old age timor, timoris (m.): fear venio, venire, veni, ventum: come veritas, veritatis (f.): truth
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via, ae: way, road, street vivo, vivere, vixi, victum: live voluptas, -tatis (f.): pleasure
Chapter XI amicus, a, um: friendly autem (postpositive): however, moreover bene (adv. of bonus): well caput, capitis (n.): head, leader, beginning, etc. consul, consulis (m.): consul carus, a, um: dear ego, mei, mihi, me, me: I, me etiam: even, also idem, eadem, idem: the same intellego, intellegere, intellexi, intellectum: to understand is, ea, id: this, that, he, she, it, they mitto, mittere, misi, missum: send nemo, nullius, nemini, neminem, nullo or nulla (m. or f.): no one, nobody neque, nec, and not, nor; neque…neque or nec…nec neither…nor nos, nostrum or nostri, nobis, nos, nobis: we, us quod: because sentio, sentire, sensi, sensum: feel perceive, think experience tu, tui, tibi, te, te: you (sg.) vos, vestrum, vestri, vobis, vos, vobis: you (pl.)
Chapter XII: acerbus, a, um: harsh, bitter, grievous adulescens, adulescentis (m. and f.) a youth or young person amitto, amittere, amisi, amissum: to lose or let go annus, i: year
Asia, ae: Asia cado, cadere, cecidi, casurum: to fall
Caesar, aris (m.): Caesar creo (1): to create mater, matris (f.): mother medicus, i: doctor (also medica, ae) nuper: recently pater, patris (m.): father patientia, ae: suffering, patience, etc. principium, ii: beginning pro (+ abl.): in front of, before, on behalf of, for the sake of, in return for, instead of, for, as
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diu: long, for a long time
Chapter XIII alo, alere, alui, altum: nourish, support, sustain, increase, cherish ante: (prep. + acc.) in front of; (adv.) before, previously diligo, ere, dilexi, dilectum: esteem, love divitiae, arum: riches, wealth factum, i: deed, act, achievement ipse, a, um: (intensive pronoun)himself, herself, itself, etc. iungo, ere, iunxi, iunctum: join nam (conj.): for nomen, nominis, (n.): name olim: once upon a time per: (prep. + acc): through; per- (prefix) thoroughly, through, completely, very quisque, quidque: eachone/thing signum, i (n.): sign, signal, indication, seal sto, stare, steti, statum: to stand sui (reflexive 3rd per. pronoun): him/her/itself, themselves suus, a, um: (reflexive poss. adj. of 3rd person) his own, her own, its own, their own
Chapter XIV a, ab (+ abl.): by, from, away from
*animal. animalis (n.): animal appello (1): speak, address, call, etc. aqua, ae: water
*ars, artis (f.): art, skill, craft auris, auris (f): ear
*civis, civis (m. or f.): citizen curro, ere, cucurri, cursum: run
*dens, dentis (m.): tooth
* hostis, is (m.): an enemy (of the state); hostes, ium, the enemy ius, iuris (n.): right, law
*mare, maris (n.): sea
*mors, mortis, (f.): death muto (1): change, alter, exchange
*nubes, is (f.): cloud os, oris (n.): mouth, face
*pars, partis (f.) part, share, direction
Roma, Romae: Rome teneo, tenere, tenui, tentum: hold, keep, possess, restrain trans (+acc.): across
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turba, ae: mob, etc.
*urbs, urbis (f.): city
*vis, vis, vi, vim, vi, vires, virium, viribus, vires or viris, viribus (f.): (sg.) force; (pl.) strength vito (1): to avoid, shun
Chapter XV
(Know: the Roman words for numbers 1-10 and 100; first, second, and third) committo, ere, misi, missum: entrust, commit exspecto (1): look for, expect, wait for iacio, iacere, ieci, iactum: throw, hurl inter (+ acc.): between, among
Italia, ae: Italy itaque (adv.): and so, therefore memoria, ae: memory mille: thousand; milia, milium: thousands miser, misera, miserum: wretched, miserable, unfortunate tempestas, -tatis (f.): storm, weather, period of time, season timeo, ere, timui: fear, be afraid (of)
Chapter XVI acer, acris, acre: keen, sharp, fierce aetas, aetatis (f.): period of life, life, age, an age auditor, auditoris (m.): listener, etc. brevis, e: short, small, brief celer, celeris, celere: swift, quick, rapid (cf. celeritas, celeritatis (f.): swiftness, speed) clementia, ae: mercy, etc. difficilis, e: hard, difficult, troublesome dulcis, e: sweet, pleasant, agreeable facilis, e: easy fortis,e: strong, brave ingens, (gen. ingentis): huge iucundus, a, um: pleasant, agreeable, pleasing, delightful longus, a, um: long mens, mentis (f.): mind, thought omnis, e: all, every potens, (gen. potentis): powerful quam (adv.): how rego, regere, rexi, rectum: to rule satura, ae: satire senex, (gen.) senis (adj and noun): old, aged, old man
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Chapter XVII admitto, admittere, admisi, admissum: to receive, etc. aut: or; aut...aut, either...or caecus, a, um: blind cito: quickly coepi, coepisse, coeptum: began cupio, cupere, cupivi, cupitum: to desire deleo, ere, delevi, deletum: destroy, wipe out, erase desidero (1): to long for, miss, desire incipio, ere, cepi, ceptum: begin, undertake, take on levis, leve: light, easy, etc. libellus, i: little book, pamphlet navigo (1): to sail neglego, ere, neglexi, neglectum: neglect, disregard nimis or nimium:(adv.) too, too much, excessively qui, quae, quod (rel. pron.):who, which, what, that quoque: also recito (1): to recite
Chapter XVIII: a, ab (+ abl.): by, from flumen, fluminis (n.): river genus, generis, n., origin, kind, sort, class hostis, hostis (m.): enemy lego, legere, legi, lectum: pick out, choose, read ludus, i: game, sport misceo, miscere, miscui, mixtum: to mix moveo, movere, movi, motum: move, arouse, affect probitas, probitatis (f.): honesty scientia, ae: knowledge videor, videri, visus sum: to appear, seem
Chapter XIX: argumentum, i: proof, argument auctor, oris (m.): increaser, author, originator at (conj.): but, mind you; but; but, you say beneficium, ii: kindness certus, a, um: definite, sure, reliable, certain contra (+acc): against
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delecto (1): to delight, charm familia, ae: household, family
Graecia, ae: Greece gravis, grave: serious, heavy iam: now, already, soon immortalis, e: not subject to death, immortal iudex, iudicis (m.): judge, juror iudicium, i (n.): judgement, decision, opinion libero (1) free, liberate nisi: unless, if…not, except paro (1): prepare, obtain qui? quae? quod?: (interrog. adj.) what? which? what kind of? quis? quid?: (interrog. prn.) who? what? scelus, sceleris (n.): crime
Chapter XX: careo, carere, carui, caritum (+ abl.): be without, lack, be deprived of , want, be free from communis, e: common, general coniurati, coniuratorum: conspirators cornu, us (n.): horn defendo, defendere, defendi, defensum: to defend dexter, dextra, dextrum: right, right-handed discedo, discedere, discessi, discessum: to depart fructus, us (m.): fruit, profit, enjoyment genu, genus (n.): knee manus, us (f.): hand, band (of men); handwriting metus, us (m.): fear, dread, anxiety mons, montis (m.): mountain neque or nec: and not, nor; neque...neque = neither...nor odi, odisse, osurum: to hate (a defective verb like coepi) prohibeo, prohibere, prohibui, prohibitum: to prohibit, prevent, keep back pronuntio (1): to proclaim senatus, us (m.): senate sensus, us (m): feeling servitus, utis (f.): servitude, slavery sinister, sinistra, sinistrum: left, ill-omened spiritus, us (m): breath, spirit versus, us (m.): line of poetry
Chapter XXI: asper, aspera, asperum: rough, harsh
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atque, ac (only before a consonant): (conj.) and, and also, and even casa, ae: house, hut, cottage causa, ae: cause, reason; (abl. with preceding gen.) for the sake of, on account of contineo, ere, tinui, tentum: hold together, retrain, contain, keep, enclose fenestra, ae: window finis, is (m.): limit, end, boundary, purpose; fines, ium = boundaries, territory gens, gentis (f.): clan, race, nation, people iterum: again iubeo, ere, iussi, iussum: bid, order, command laboro (1): to labor, suffer mundus, i (m.): world navis, navis (f.): ship rapio, ere, rapui, rapitum: seize, snatch, carry away relinquo, ere, liqui, lictum: leave behind, leave, abandon, desert salus, salutis (f.): safety scio, ire, scivi, scitum: know tango, ere, tetigi, tactum: touch
Troia, ae: Troy vicinus, i (and vicina, ae): neighbor vulgus, i (neuter! or sometimes masculine): mob, rabble, the common people
Chapter XXII: aequus, a, um: equal, fair, level, calm, favorable cerno, cernere, crevi, cretum: to distinguish, perceive dies, diei (m.): day eripio, ere, -ripui, reptum: snatch away, take away, rescue felix, (gen. felicis): happy, fortunate ferrum, i: iron, sword fides, fidei (f.): faith, trust, truthworthiness, fidelity, protection ignis, is (m.): fire incertus, a,um: uncertain, doubtful inquit (defective verb): he/she says or said {placed after one or more words of direct quotation}
Latinus, a, um: Latin medius, a, um: middle; (used partively) the middle of: media urbs, the middle of the city modus, i (m.): measure, bound, limit, manner, method, mode protinus: immediately quondam: formerly, once res, rei (f.): thing, matter, business, affair res publica, rei publicae (f.): republic, state, commonwealth spes, spei (f.): hope tollo, ere, sustuli, sublatum: raise, lift up; take away, remove, destroy
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ultra (+acc): beyond
Chapter XXIII: aliquis, aliquid: someone, something, somebody arx, arcis (f.): citadel averto (etc.): turn away, avert dux, ducis (m.): leader, guide, commander, general educo (1): bring up, educate equus, i: horse gaudeo, gaudere, gausus sum: to be glad, rejoice hasta, ae: spear insula, ae: island, apartment block litus, litoris (n.) shore, coast magnanimus, a, um: great-hearted, brave, courageous miles, militis (m.): soldier opprimo, ere, pressi, pressum: surpress, overwhelm, overpower, check orator, oratoris (m.): orator, speaker ostendo, ere, ostendi, ostentum: exhibit, show, display peto, petere, petivi, petitum: seek, aim at, beg, beseech premo, premere, pressi, pressum: press, press hard quisquis, quidquid: whoever, whatever sacredos, sacredotis (m.): priest umquam: ever, at any time verto, ere, verti, versum: turn, change
Chapter XXIV: accipio, ere, cepi, ceptum: to take, to get, to receive, accept
Carthago, Carthaginis (f.): Carthage excipio, excipere, excepi, exceptum: to take out, except expello, expellere, expuli, expulsum: drive out, expel, banish fabula, ae: story, fable imperator, imperatoris (m): general, commander, emperor imperium, i (n.): power to command, supreme power, command, control narro (1): tell, report, narrate pello, ere, pepuli, pulsum: strike, drive out, push, banish perfugium, ii: refuge, shelter postea: afterwards quaero, quaerere, quaesivi, quaesitum: seek, look for, strive for, ask, inquire re- or red-: (prefix) again, back recipio, ere, cepi, ceptum: take back, regain, admit, receive, rideo, ere, risi, risum: laugh (at)
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servus, i (m.): slave (and serva, ae) solacium, ii: comfort, relief ut (+ indicative): as, when, just as vulnus, vulneris (n.): wound
Chapter XXV: ait, aiunt: he says, they say (commonly used in connection w/proverbs and anecdotes) credo, -ere, credidi, creditum: believe, trust (+ acc or dat) dehinc: then, next ferox, (gen. ferocis): fierce, savage fidelis, e: faithful, loyal geminus, a, um: twin hic (adv.): here iaceo, iacere, iacui: to lie (down) lingua, ae: tongue, language nego (1): deny, say that...not nescio, ire, ivi, itum: not to know nuntio (1): announce, report, relate patefacio, patefacere, patefeci, patefactum: to open, disclose puto (1): reckon, suppose, judge, think, imagine sapiens, (gen. sapientis): wise, judicious spero (1): hope for, hope (reg. used w/ fut. inf. in ind. statement) suscipio, suscipere, suscepi, susceptum: to undertake ultimus, a, um: farthest, last, extreme, final
Chapter XXVI: cena, ae: dinner clarus, a, um: clear, bright, renown, illustrious forum, i: marketplace, forum invito (1): invite, entertain lex, legis (f.): law limen, liminis (n.): threshold lux, lucis (f.): light mensa, ae: table nox, noctis (f.): night prae (+ abl): in front of pudicus, a, um: modest, chaste quam (adv. and conj.): (after comparatives) than, (after superlatives) as...as possible quidam, quaedam, quiddam (pron.) (or quoddam (adj.)): a certain (one, thing); some(one, thing) somnus, i: sleep
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tantum: only tristis, e: sad, etc. turpis, e: ugly, shameful, base, disgraceful urbanus, a, um: urbane, elegant
Chapter XXVII: delectatio, delectationis (f.): delight, pleasure, enjoyment diligens (gen. diligentis): diligent, careful dissimilis, e: unlike, different gracilis, e: slender, thin humilis, e: lowly, humble maior, maius: larger, greater, older maiores, rum (m.): those greater, ancestors maximus, a, um: greatest melior, melius: better minimus, a, um: least, smallest minor, minus: smaller, less, younger nepos, nepotis (m.) grandson descendant optimus, a, um: best peior, peius: worse pessimus, a, um: worst plurimus, a, um: most plus, pluris (sing. neut. noun = partative genitive, pl. adj.): more primus, a, um: first, foremost, chief principle prior, prius: prior, former quot: how many, as many as similis, e: similar, like, resembling (+ gen or dat) sol, solis (m.): sun summus, a, um: highest, farthest superus, a, um: above, upper superior, superius: higher supremus, a, um: highest, last utilis, e: useful, advantageous
Chapter XXVIII: arma, amorum (n. pl.): arms, weapons cedo, cedere, cessi, cessum: to go, withdraw, yield to, grant, submit cursus, -us: running, race, course dedico (1): to dedicate egeo, egere, egui (+ abl or gen): to lack, need, want expleo, explere, explevi, expletum: to fill, to fill up, complete
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luna, lunae: moon mortuus, a, um: dead ne: (+ subjunctive) not, in order that … not, in order not to occasio, occasionis (f.) occasion, opportunity parens, parentis (m. or f.): parent praesto, praestare, praestiti, praestitum: to excel, exhibit, show, offer, supply, furnish princeps, principis (adj or masc. or fem. noun): chief, foremost, leader, emperor stella, ae: star, planet taceo, tacere, tacui, tacitum: to be silent, leave unmentioned ut (+ subjunctive): in order to, in order that, so that, that, so as to, to; (+ indic) as, when vesper, vesperi or vesperis (m.): evening, evening star
Chapter XXIX: condo, condere, condidi, conditum: to put together, put into, store, found, establish contendo, condendere, contendi, contentum: to strive, struggle, contend, hasten denique: at last, finally, lastly dignus, a, um (+abl): worthy (of) durus, a, um: hard, harsh, rough, stern, unfeeling, hard, difficult fatum, i: fate, death ingenium, ii: nature, innate talent ita: so, thus moenia, moenium (n. pl.): walls of a city mollio, mollire, mollivi, mollitum: to soften, make calm, or less hostile nata, ae: daughter ne…quidem: not…even osculum, i: kiss pugno (1): to fight quidem: indeed, certainly, at leasat, even respondeo, respondere, respondi, responsum: to answer sic: so, thus sidus, sideris (n.): constellation, star surgo, surgere, surrexi, surrectum: to get up, arise tam: so, to such a degree tam…quam: so…as tamquam: as it were, as if, so to speak tantus, a, um: so large, so great, of such a size vero: in truth, indeed, to be sure, however
Chapter XXX:
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bibo, bibere, bibi: to drink ceteri, ae, a: the remaining, the rest, (all) the others cognosco, cognoscere, cognovi, cognitum: to become acquainted with, learn, recognize comprehendo, comprehendere, comprehendi, comprehensum: to grasp, seize, arrest, understand, comprehend consumo, consumere, consumpsi, consumptum: to consume, use up dubito (1) to doubt, hesitate expono, exponere, exposui, expositum: to set forth, explain, expose furtim: secretly, stealthily honor, honoris (m.): honor, esteem, public office minuo, minuere, minui, minutum: to lessen, diminish mox: soon primo: at first, at the beginning quantus, a, um: how large, how great, how much repente: suddenly ridiculus, a, um: laughable, ridiculous rogo (1): to ask unde: whence, from what, from where, from whom, from which utrum…an: whether…or vivus, a, um: alive, living
Chapter XXXI: adfero (or affero ) , adferre (or afferre ) , attuli, allatum: to bring to apud (+acc): at the house of, among, in the presence of as, assis (m.): an as (i.e. a small copper coin, roughly = a penny) auxilium, ii: aid, help confero, conferre, contuli, collatum: to bring together, compare, confer cum (+ subjunctive): when, since, although; (+ indicative) when digitus, i: finger, toe doleo, dolere, dolui, doliturum: to grieve, suffer dormio, domire, dormivi, dormitum: to sleep elephantus, i (m and f): elephant exsilium, ii: exile, banishment fero, ferre, tuli, latum: to bear, carry, bring, suffer, endure, tolerate, say, report invideo, invidere, invidi, invisum: to be envious (+ dat) invidia, ae: envy, jealousy mediocris, mediocre: ordinary, moderate, mediocre occido, occidere, occidi, occasum: to fall down, die, set 1 offero, offerre, obtuli, oblatum: to offer
1 Caveat: there is a look alike verb occido, occidere, occidi, occisum: to kill (which the Latin 1
& 2 students learn and which, I think, is more common).
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refero, referre, retuli, relatum: to carry back, bring back, repeat, answer, report rumor, rumoris (m.): rumor, gossip semel: at a single time, once and for all, simultaneously usque: all the way, up to, even to, continuously, always vinum, i: wine
Chapter XXXII: bene: well custodia, ae: protection, custody (pl. = guards) cf. custos, custodis (m.): guard diu: for a long time diutissime: very long diutius: longer dives (gen. divitis or ditis): rich dummodo (+ subjunctive): provided that, so long as exercitus, us: army facile: easily longe: far magis: more magnopere: greatly male: badly malo, malle, malui: to prefer, to want…(something)…more/instead maxime: very greatly multum: much (adv.) nolo, nolle, nolui: to not..wish, be unwilling par (gen. paris): equal, like (+ dat) parum: little, not very much pateo, patere, patui: to be open, lie open, be accessible, be evident pauper, (gen. pauperis): poor, of small means paupertas, -tatis (f.): poverty, humble circumstances plurimum (adv): most, very much praebeo, praevere, praebui, praebitum: to offer, provide primum (adv): in the first place promitto, promittere, promisi, promissum: to send forth, promise volo, velle, volui: to wish, want, be willing, will
Chapter XXXIII:
-ve: or (acts similar to –que) candidus, a, um: shining bright, white, beautiful heu: ah! alas! initium, ii: beginning commencement merus, a, um: pure, undiluted
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ops, opis (f.): help, aid philosophus, i (and philosopha, ae): philosopher plebs, plebis (f.): the common people, populace, plebians quis, quid after si, nisi, ne, num = aliquis, aliquid recuso (1): to refuse sal, salis (m.): salt, wit speculum, i: mirror suavis, e: sweet subito: suddenly trado, tradere, tradidi, traditum: to give over, surrender, hand down, transmit, teach
Chapter XXXIV: adversus, a, um: adverse, opposite anima, ae: soul, spirit arbitror, arbitrari, arbitratus sum: to judge, think conor, conari, conatus sum: to try, attempt cresco, crescere, crevi, cretum: to increase egredior, egredi, egressus sum: to depart, go out, leave fateor, fateri, fassus sum: to confess, admit hortor, hortari, hortatus sum: to encourage, urge loquor, loqui, locutus sum: to speak, tell, say molior, moliri, molitus sum: to work at, build, plan, undertake nascor, nasci, natus sum: to be born, arise patior, pati, passus sum: to endure, suffer, permit proficiscor, proficisci, profectus sum: to set out, start remissio, remissionis (f.): release, relaxation rusticor, rusticari, rusticatus sum: to live in the country sedeo, sedere, sedi, sessum: to sit sequor, sequi, secutus sum: to follow specto (1): to look at, see talis, e: such, of such a sort utor, uti, usus sum (+abl): to use, enjoy, experience vae: alas, woe to (+dat) vox, vocis (f.): voice, word
Chapter XXXV: aestas, aestatis (f.): summer antepono, anteponere, anteposui, antepositum: to put before, prefer foveo, fovere, fovi, fotum: to nurture, comfort, cherish ianua, ae: door ignosco, ignoscere, ignovi, ignotum (+ dat): to grant pardon to, forgive
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impero (1): (+ dat) to command, give orders to iratus, a, um: angry miror, mirari, miratus sum: to wonder (at) admire noceo, nocere, nocui, nocitum (+ dat): to harm, do injury to , do harm to nubo, nubere, nupsi, nuptum: to cover, veil; (+ dat of bride) to be married to, to marry parco, parcere, peperci, parsurum (+ dat): to be lenient to pareo, parere, parui (+dat): to obey, be obedient to pectus, pectoris (n.): breast, heart persuadeo, persuadere, persuasi, persuasum (+ dat): to persuade placeo, placere, placui, placitum (+dat): to be pleasing to, to please praemium, ii: prize, reward sapio, sapere, sapivi: to have good taste, to have good sense, be wise servio, servire, servivi, servitum (+ dat): to be a slave to, serve studeo, studere, studi, (+ dat): to study, direct zeal to, be eager for subrideo, subridere, subrisi, subrisum: to smile (down) upon
Chapter XXXVI: accedo, accedere, accessi, accessum: to come (to), approach carpo, carpere, carpsi, carptum: to harvest, pluck, seize cogo, cogere, coegi, coactum: to drive together, bring together, compel, force, collect contemno, contemnere, contempsi, contemptum: to despise, scorn contundo, contundere, contudi, contusum: to beat, crush, bruise, destroy cotidie or cottidie: daily, every day cupido, cupidinis (f.): desire, passion curo (1): to care for, attend to, heal, cure, take care decerno, decernere, decrevi, decretum: to decide, settle, decree exigo, exigere, exegi, exactum: to drive out, force out, exact fio, fieri, factus sum: to occur, happen, become, be made, be done fortasse: perhaps lector, lectoris (m.) and lectrix, lectricis (f.): reader oblecto (1): to please, amuse, delight, pass time pleasantly oro (1): to speak, plead, beg, beseech, entreat, pray recreo (1): restore, revive refresh, cheer requiro, requirere, requisivi, resisitum: to seek, ask for, miss, need, require sereno (1): to make clear, brighten, cheer up, soothe vinculum, i: bond, chain, fetter
Chapter XXXVII: abeo, abire, abii, abitum: to go away, depart, leave absens (gen. absentis): absent, away adeo, adire, adii, aditum: to go to, approach
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Athenae, arum: Athens domus, -us (or –i) (f.): house, home; domi = at home; domum (to) home; domo from home eo, ire, ivi (or ii), itum: to go exeo, exire, exii, exitum: to go out, exit foris: out of doors, outside gratus, a, um: pleasing, agreeable, grateful humus, i (f.): ground, earth, soil idoneus, a, um: suitable, fit, appropriate immotus, a, um: unmoved, unchanged, unrelenting ineo, inire, inii, initum: to go in, to enter interficio, interficere, interfeci, interfectum: to kill, murder iter, itineris (n.): journey, route, road licet, licere, licuit (impersonal+dat+infinitive): it is permitted, one may obeo, obire, obii, obitum: to go up against, meet, die peregrinor, peregrinari, peregrinatus sum: to travel abroad, wander pereo, perire, perii, peritum: to pass away, be destroyed, perish redeo, redire, redii, reditum: to go back, to return requiesco, requiescere, reuievi, requietum: to rest rus, ruris (n.): the country, countryside soleo, solere, solitus sum: to be accustomed
Syracusae, -arum: Syracuse
Chapter XXXVIII: arbor, arboris (f.): tree dignitas, dignitatis (f.): merit, prestige, dignity dolor, doloris (m.): pain, grief erga (+acc): towards etsi: even if, although firmus, a, um: firm, strong, reliable impedio, impedire, impedivi, impeditum: to impede, hinder, prevent infirmus, a, um: infirm, not strong, weak, feeble libenter: with pleasure, gladly metuo, metuere, metui: to fear, dread, be afraid for mirabilis, mirabile: amazing, wondrous, remarkable odium, ii: hatred opus, operis (n.): work, task, deed, accomplishment oratio, orationis (f.): speech pes, pedis (m.): lower leg, foot pristinus, a, um: ancient, former, previous queror, queri, questus sum: to complain, lament recognosco, recognoscere, recognovi, recognitum: to recognize, recollect sator, satoris (m.): sower, planter, begettor, father, founder
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sublimis, e: elevated, lofty, heroic, noble suspendo, suspendere, suspendi, suspensum: to hang up, suspend, interrupt vendo, vendere, vendidi, venditum: to sell
Chapter XXXIX: aedificium, ii: building, structure ambulo (1): to walk cupidus, a, um: desirous, eager, fond; (+ gen) desirous of, eager for experior, experiri, expertus sum: to try, test, experience iniuria, ae: injustice, injury, wrong liberalis, e: relating to a free person, worthy of a free man, decent, liberal, generous libo (1): to pour a libation of/on, pour ritually, sip, touch gently mulier, mulieris (f.): woman necesse (nom or acc only): necessary oportet, oportere, oportuit (impersonal): it is proper, right, necessary oppugno (1): to fight against, attack, assault, assail orno (1): to equip, furnish, adorn pernocto (1): to spend or occupy the night quasi: as if, as it were transeo, transire, transii, transitum: to go across, cross, ignore, pass over transitus, us: passing over, transit, transition ventus, i: wind vetus (gen. veteris – not an i-stem): old
Chapter XL: aes, aeris (n.): bronze dominus, i: master (and domina, ae) explico (1): unfold, explain, spread, deploy fatigo (1): to weary, tire out for, fari, fatus sum: to speak iustus, a, um: just, right lacrima, ae: tear meta, ae: turning point, goal, limit, boundary monumentum, i: monument nasus, i: nose nonne: introduces a question that expects a yes answer num: introduces a question that expects a no answer omnino: wholly, entirely, altogether opinor, opinari, opinatus sum: to suppose postremum: afterall, finally, for the last time praeter (+acc): besides, except, beyond, past
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quin: indeed, in fact reperio, reperire, repperi, repertum: to find, discover, learn, get saxum, i: rock, stone tot: so many totidem: the same number totiens: that number of times, that often, so often vereor, vereri, veritus sum: to show reverence for , respect, be afraid of vultus, us: face, contenance
24

Categorized Wheelock Vocabulary
VERBS
1 st Conjugation (-o, -are, -avi, -atum) ambulo (1): to walk amo (1): to love appello (1): speak, address, call, etc. ceno (1): to dine cogito (1): to think, ponder, plan consider conservo(1): preserve, conserve creo (1): to create culpo (1): to blame, censure curo (1): to care for, attend to, heal, cure, take care dedico (1): to dedicate delecto (1): to delight, charm demonstro or monstro (1) : to show, etc. desidero (1): to long for, miss, desire dubito (1) to doubt, hesitate educo (1): bring up, educate erro (1): wander, err, go astray, be mistaken explico (1): unfold, explain, spread, deploy exspecto (1): look for, expect, wait for fatigo (1): to weary, tire out impero (1): (+ dat) to command, give orders to invito (1): invite, entertain laboro (1): to labor, suffer laudo (1): praise libero (1) free, liberate libo (1): to pour a libation of/on, pour ritually, sip, touch gently muto (1): change, alter, exchange narro (1): tell, report, narrate navigo (1): to sail neco (1): to kill, murder nego (1): deny, say that...not nuntio (1): announce, report, relate oblecto (1): to please, amuse, delight, pass time pleasantly oppugno (1): to fight against, attack, assault, assail orno (1): to equip, furnish, adorn oro (1): to speak, plead, beg, beseech, entreat, pray paro (1): prepare, obtain pernocto (1): to spend or occupy the night pronuntio (1): to proclaim
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pugno (1): to fight puto (1): reckon, suppose, judge, think, imagine recito (1): to recite recreo (1): restore, revive refresh, cheer recuso (1): to refuse rogo (1): to ask satio (1): to satisfy, sate sereno (1): to make clear, brighten, cheer up, soothe servo (1): preserve, save, keep specto (1): to look at, see spero (1): hope for, hope (reg. used w/ fut. inf. in ind. statement) supero (1): be above, overcome, have the upperhand, surpass, conquer tolero (1): bear, endure vito (1): to avoid, shun voco (1): call, summon arbitror, arbitrari, arbitratus sum: to judge, think conor, conari, conatus sum: to try, attempt for, fari, fatus sum: to speak hortor, hortari, hortatus sum: to encourage, urge miror, mirari, miratus sum: to wonder (at) admire opinor, opinari, opinatus sum: to suppose peregrinor, peregrinari, peregrinatus sum: to travel abroad, wander rusticor, rusticari, rusticatus sum: to live in the country
1 st Conjugation (-o, -are + irregular pp) do, dare, dedi, datum: to give, offer sto, stare, steti, statum: to stand praesto, praestare, praestiti, praestitum: to excel, exhibit, show, offer, supply, furnish iuvo, iuvare, iuvi, iutum: to help, aid ( also adiuvo)
2 nd Conjugation (-eo, ē re + other pp’s) salveo, salv ē re: to be healthy iaceo, iac ē re, iacui: to lie (down) egeo, eg ē re, egui (+ abl or gen): to lack, need, want pareo, par ē re, parui (+dat): to obey, be obedient to pateo, pat ē re, patui: to be open, lie open, be accessible, be evident metuo, metu ē re, metui: to fear, dread, be afraid for careo, car ē re, carui, caritum (+ abl.): be without, lack, be deprived of , want, be free from debeo, debere, debui, debitum: ought, owe, must habeo, hab ē re, habui, habitum: have, hold, possess, consider moneo, mon ē re, monui, monitum: advise, warn
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noceo, noc ē re, nocui, nocitum (+ dat): to harm, do injury to , do harm to placeo, plac ē re, placui, placitum (+dat): to be pleasing to, to please praebeo, praeb ē re, praebui, praebitum: to offer, provide prohibeo, prohib ē re, prohibui, prohibitum: to prohibit, prevent, keep back taceo, tac ē re, tacui, tacitum: to be silent, leave unmentioned terreo, terr ē re, terrui, territum: to frighten, terrify vereor, ver ē ri, veritus sum: to show reverence for , respect, be afraid of doleo, dol ē re, dolui, doliturus: to grieve, suffer valeo, val ē re, valui, valiturus: to be strong, have power, be well (vale/valete = goodbye) contineo, continere, continui, contentum: hold together, retrain, contain, keep, enclose doceo, ē re, docui, doctum: teach teneo, ten ē re, tenui, tentum: hold, keep, possess, restrain timeo, ē re, timui: fear, be afraid (of) minuo, minu ē re, minui, minutum: to lessen, diminish moveo, mov ē re, movi, motum: move, arouse, affect foveo, fov ē re, fovi, fotum: to nurture, comfort, cherish deleo, ere, delevi, deletum: destroy, wipe out, erase expleo, expl ē re, explevi, expletum: to fill, to fill up, complete studeo, stud ē re, studi, (+ dat): to study, direct zeal to, be eager for video, vid ē re, vidi, visum: to see understand; videor, vid ē ri, visus sum: to appear, seem invideo, invid ē re, invidi, invisum: to be envious (+ dat) respondeo, respond ē re, respondi, responsum: to answer sedeo, sed ē re, sedi, sessum: to sit fateor, fat ē ri, fassus sum: to confess, admit persuadeo, persuad ē re, persuasi, persuasum (+ dat): to persuade rideo, rid ē re, risi, risum: laugh (at) subrideo, subrid ē re, subrisi, subrisum: to smile (down) upon maneo, ē re, mansi, mansum: remain, stay, stay behind, abide, continue remaneo, ē re, mansi, mansum: remain, stay, stay behind, abide, continue iubeo, iub ē re, iussi, iussum: bid, order, command misceo, misc ē re, miscui, mixtum: to mix audeo, aud ē re, ausus sum: dare gaudeo, gaud ē re, gausus sum: to be glad, rejoice
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soleo, sol ē re, solitus sum: to be accustomed
3 rd Conjugation (-o, e re + other pp’s) ago, agere, egi, actum: drive, do, act; spend or pass (time or life); gratias agere + dat = to thank (lit. to give thanks to) cogo, cogere, coegi, coactum: to drive together, bring together, compel, force, collect exigo, exigere, exegi, exactum: to drive out, force out, exact lego, legere, l ē gi, lectum: pick out, choose, read proficiscor, proficisci, profectus sum: to set out, start dico, dicere, dixi, dictum: to say diligo, ere, dilexi, dilectum: esteem, love duco, ducere, duxi, ductum: lead intellego, intellegere, intellexi, intellectum: to understand neglego, ere, neglexi, neglectum: neglect, disregard rego, regere, rexi, rectum: to rule surgo, surgere, surrexi, surrectum: to get up, arise iungo, ere, iunxi, iunctum: join traho, trahere, traxi, tractum: to drag, etc. vivo, vivere, vixi, victum: live contendo, condendere, contendi, contentum: to strive, struggle, contend, hasten ostendo, ere, ostendi, ostentum: exhibit, show, display comprehendo, comprehendere, comprehendi, comprehensum: to grasp, seize, arrest, understand, comprehend defendo, defendere, defendi, defensum: to defend suspendo, suspendere, suspendi, suspensum: to hang up, suspend, interrupt occido, occidere, occidi, occasum: to fall down, die, set 2 verto, vertere, verti, versum: turn, change averto (etc.): turn away, avert utor, uti, usus sum (+abl): to use, enjoy, experience contundo, contundere, contudi, contusum: to beat, crush, bruise, destroy antepono, anteponere, anteposui, antepositum: to put before, prefer expono, exponere, exposui, expositum: to set forth, explain, expose gero, gerere, gessi, gestum: carry, carry on, manage, conduct, accomplish (+ bellum = wage war)
2 Caveat: there is a look alike verb occido, occidere, occidi, occisum: to kill (which the Latin 1
& 2 students learn and which, I think, is more common).
28

queror, queri, questus sum: to complain, lament mitto, mittere, misi, missum: send amitto, amittere, amisi, amissum: to lose or let go admitto, admittere, admisi, admissum: to receive, etc. committo, ere, misi, missum: entrust, commit promitto, promittere, promisi, promissum: to send forth, promise cedo, cedere, cessi, cessum: to go, withdraw, yield to, grant, submit accedo, accedere, accessi, accessum: to come (to), approach discedo, discedere, discessi, discessum: to depart premo, premere, pressi, pressum: press, press hard opprimo, ere, pressi, pressum: surpress, overwhelm, overpower, check scribo, scribere, scripsi, scriptum: to write, compose nubo, nubere, nupsi, nuptum: to cover, veil; (+ dat of bride) to be married to, to marry carpo, carpere, carpsi, carptum: to harvest, pluck, seize consumo, consumere, consumpsi, consumptum: to consume, use up contemno, contemnere, contempsi, contemptum: to despise, scorn relinquo, ere, liqui, lictum: leave behind, leave, abandon, desert vinco, vincere, vici, victum: to conquer loquor, loqui, locutus sum: to speak, tell, say sequor, sequi, secutus sum: to follow bibo, bibere, bibi: to drink cado, cadere, cecidi, casurum: to fall curro, ere, cucurri, cursum: run parco, parcere, peperci, parsurum (+ dat): to be lenient to tango, ere, tetigi, tactum: touch condo, condere, condidi, conditum: to put together, put into, store, found, establish credo, -ere, credidi, creditum: believe, trust (+ acc or dat) trado, tradere, tradidi, traditum: to give over, surrender, hand down, transmit, teach vendo, vendere, vendidi, venditum: to sell pello, ere, pepuli, pulsum: strike, drive out, push, banish expello, expellere, expuli, expulsum: drive out, expel, banish
29

alo, alere, alui, altum: nourish, support, sustain, increase, cherish cognosco, cognoscere, cognovi, cognitum: to become acquainted with, learn, recognize recognosco, recognoscere, recognovi, recognitum: to recognize, recollect ignosco, ignoscere, ignovi, ignotum (+ dat): to grant pardon to, forgive cresco, crescere, crevi, cretum: to increase requiesco, requiescere, requievi, requietum: to rest nascor, nasci, natus sum: to be born, arise peto, petere, petivi, petitum: seek, aim at, beg, beseech quaero, quaerere, quaesivi, quaesitum: seek, look for, strive for, ask, inquire requiro, requirere, requisivi, requisitum: to seek, ask for, miss, need, require tollo, ere, sustuli, sublatum: raise, lift up; take away, remove, destroy cerno, cernere, crevi, cretum: to distinguish, perceive decerno, decernere, decrevi, decretum: to decide, settle, decree
3 rd io Conjugation (-io, e re + other pp’s) facio, facere, feci, factum: make, do patefacio, patefacere, patefeci, patefactum: to open, disclose iacio, iacere, ieci, iactum: throw, hurl capio, capere, cepi, captum: to take, capture, get accipio, ere, cepi, ceptum: to take, to get, to receive, accept excipio, excipere, excepi, exceptum: to take out, except incipio, ere, cepi, ceptum: begin, undertake, take on suscipio, suscipere, suscepi, susceptum: to undertake recipio, ere, cepi, ceptum: take back, regain, admit, receive, interficio, interficere, interfeci, interfectum: to kill, murder rapio, ere, rapui, rapitum: seize, snatch, carry away eripio, ere, -ripui, reptum: snatch away, take away, rescue fugio, fugere, f ū gi, fugitum: flee, hurry away, avoid, shun cupio, cupere, cupivi, cupitum: to desire sapio, sapere, sapivi: to have good taste, to have good sense, be wise patior, pati, passus sum: to endure, suffer, permit egredior, egredi, egressus sum: to depart, go out, leave
4 th Conjugation (-io, īre, -ivi, itum )
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audio, audire, audivi, auditum: to hear dormio, domire, dormivi, dormitum: to sleep impedio, impedire, impedivi, impeditum: to impede, hinder, prevent mollio, mollire, mollivi, mollitum: to soften, make calm, or less hostile scio, ire, scivi, scitum: know nescio, ire, ivi, itum: not to know servio, servire, servivi, servitum (+ dat): to be a slave to, serve molior, moliri, molitus sum: to work at, build, plan, undertake
4 th Conjugation (-io, īre, + irregular pp ) venio, venire, v ē ni, ventum: come invenio, invenire, inv ē ni, inventum: come upon, find sentio, sentire, sensi, sensum: feel perceive, think experience reperio, reperire, repperi, repertum: to find, discover, learn, get experior, experiri, expertus sum: to try, test, experience
Irregular or Defective Verbs sum, esse, fui, futurus: to be possum, posse, potui: to be able, can eo, ire, ivi (or ii), itum: to go abeo, abire, abii, abitum: to go away, depart, leave adeo, adire, adii, aditum: to go to, approach exeo, exire, exii, exitum: to go out, exit ineo, inire, inii, initum: to go in, to enter obeo, obire, obii, obitum: to go up against, meet, die pereo, perire, perii, peritum: to pass away, be destroyed, perish redeo, redire, redii, reditum: to go back, to return transeo, transire, transii, transitum: to go across, cross, ignore, pass over fero, ferre, tuli, latum: to bear, carry, bring, suffer, endure, tolerate, say, report adfero (or affero), adferre (or afferre), attuli, allatum: to bring to confero, conferre, contuli, collatum: to bring together, compare, confer offero, offerre, obtuli, oblatum: to offer refero, referre, retuli, relatum: to carry back, bring back, repeat, answer, report fio, fieri, factus sum: to occur, happen, become, be made, be done volo, velle, volui: to wish, want, be willing, will nolo, nolle, nolui: to not..wish, be unwilling malo, malle, malui: to prefer, to want…(something)…more/instead
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coepi, coepisse, coeptum: began odi, odisse, osurum: to hate (a defective verb like coepi) ait, aiunt: he says, they say (commonly used in connection w/proverbs and anecdotes) inquit (defective verb): he/she says or said {placed after one or more words of direct quotation} licet, licere, licuit (impersonal+dat+infinitive): it is permitted, one may oportet, oportere, oportuit (impersonal): it is proper, right, necessary
NOUNS
1 st Declension Nouns (Mostly Feminine, job titles masculine) adulescentia, ae: youth, youthfulness, etc. agricola, ae (m.): farmer amicitia, ae: friendship anima, ae: soul, spirit aqua, ae: water
Asia, ae: Asia
Athenae, arum: Athens (plural only) casa, ae: house, hut, cottage causa, ae: cause, reason; (abl. with preceding gen.) for the sake of, on account of cena, ae: dinner clementia, ae: mercy, etc. copia, ae: abundance, supply (pl. copiae, copiarum: supplies, troops, forces) culpa, ae: fault, blame cura, ae: care, attention, caution, anxiety custodia, ae: protection, custody (pl. = guards) dea, ae: goddess discipula, ae: student divitiae, arum: riches, wealth (but plural only) fabula, ae: story, fable fama, ae: rumor, report, fame familia, ae: household, family femina, ae: woman fenestra, ae: window filia, ae: daughter forma, ae: form, shape, beauty fortuna, ae: fortune gloria, ae: glory, fame
Graecia, ae: Greece hasta, ae: spear hora, ae: hour, time ianua, ae: door
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iniuria, ae: injustice, injury, wrong insidiae, arum: ambush, plot, treachery (but plural only) insula, ae: island, apartment block invidia, ae: envy, jealousy ira, ae: anger
Italia, ae: Italy lacrima, ae: tear lingua, ae: tongue, language littera, ae: a letter of the alphabet (pl. litterae, arum: a letter (epistle), literature) luna, lunae: moon memoria, ae: memory mensa, ae: table meta, ae: turning point, goal, limit, boundary mora, ae: delay nata, ae: daughter natura, naturae: nature nauta, ae (m.): sailor patientia, ae: suffering, patience, etc. patria, ae: country pecunia, ae: money philosophia, ae: love of wisdom, philosophy poena, ae: penalty, punishment (poenam dare = to pay the penalty) poeta, ae (m.): poet porta, ae: gate puella, ae: girl regina, ae: queen
Roma, Romae: Rome rosa, ae: rose sapientia, ae: wisdom satura, ae: satire scientia, ae: knowledge sententia, ae: feeling, thought, opinion stella, ae: star, planet
Syracusae, -arum: Syracuse (plural only) terra, ae: earth, ground, land, country
Troia, ae: Troy turba, ae: mob, etc. via, ae: way, road, street victoria, ae: victory vita, ae: life, way of life
2 nd Declension Nouns (Mostly Masculine –us, vocative singular = -e)
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amicus, i: friend (and amica) animus, i: soul, spirit, mind (pl. = high spirits, courage, pride) annus, i: year coniurati, coniuratorum: conspirators (but plural only) deus, i: god digitus, i: finger, toe discipulus, i: student dominus, i: master (and domina, ae) elephantus, i (m and f): elephant equus, i: horse humus, i (f.): ground, earth, soil libellus, i: little book, pamphlet locus, i: place, passage in literature; loci, locorum: passages ludus, i: game, sport medicus, i: doctor (also medica, ae) modus, i (m.): measure, bound, limit, manner, method, mode morbus, i: disease mundus, i (m.): world nasus, i: nose numerus, i: number oculus, i: eye philosophus, i (and philosopha, ae): philosopher populus, i: people, a nation servus, i (m.): slave (and serva, ae) somnus, i: sleep tyrannus, i: absolute ruler, tyrant ventus, i: wind vicinus, i (and vicina, ae): neighbor vulgus, i (neuter! or rarely masculine): mob, rabble, the common people
2 nd Declension Nouns (Masculine –ius, vocative singular = -i) filius, i: son
2 nd Declension Nouns (Masculine –er which drops the -e-) ager, agri: field magister, tri: master, teacher liber, libri: book
2 nd Declension Nouns (Masculine –er which keeps the -e-) puer, i: boy
2 nd Declension Nouns (Masculine –r {irregular nom.}) vir, viri: man
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2 nd Declension Nouns (Neuter –um) aedificium, i: building, structure argumentum, i: proof, argument arma, amorum (n. pl.): arms, weapons (plural only) auxilium, i: aid, help basium, i: kiss bellum, i: war beneficium, i: kindness caelum, i: sky, heaven consilium, i: plan donum, i: gift exitium, i: destruction, ruin exsilium, i: exile, banishment factum, i: deed, act, achievement fatum, i: fate, death forum, i: marketplace, forum ferrum, i: iron, sword imperium, i (n.): power to command, supreme power, command, control ingenium, i: nature, innate talent initium, i: beginning commencement iudicium, i (n.): judgement, decision, opinion loca, locorum: places, regions (plural only) moenia, moenium (n. pl.): walls of a city (plural only) monumentum, i: monument officium, i: duty, service, office or position odium, i: hatred osculum, i: kiss otium, i: leisure, peace perfugium, i: refuge, shelter periculum, i: danger, risk praemium, i: prize, reward principium, i: beginning remedium, i (n.): cure, remedy saxum, i: rock, stone signum, i (n.): sign, signal, indication, seal solacium, i: comfort, relief speculum, i: mirror studium, i, (n.): eagerness, zeal, pursuit, study verbum, i: word vinculum, i: bond, chain, fetter vinum, i: wine vitium, i: fault, crime, vice
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3 rd Declension & 3 rd Declension i-stem Nouns
Masculine –or, -oris (mostly result of action) amor, amoris (m.): love dolor, doloris (m.): pain, grief honor, honoris (m.): honor, esteem, public office labor, laboris (m.): labor, work, toil rumor, rumoris (m.): rumor, gossip timor, timoris (m.): fear
Masculine –tor, -toris (agent, one who does an action) auctor, auctoris (m.): increaser, author, originator auditor, auditoris (m.): listener, etc. imperator, imperatoris (m): general, commander, emperor lector, lectoris (m.) and lectrix, lectricis (f.): reader orator, oratoris (m.): orator, speaker sator, satoris (m.): sower, planter, begettor, father, founder scriptor, scriptoris (m.): writer, author
Feminine –or, -oris arbor, arboris (f.): tree soror, sororis (f.): sister uxor, uxoris (f.): wife
Mixed Masc/Fem –er, -ris or -eris frater, fratris (m.): brother mater, matris (f.): mother pater, patris (m.): father mulier, mulieris (f.): woman
Feminine –tas, -tatis (usually abstract concepts) aestas, aestatis (f.): summer aetas, aetatis (f.): period of life, life, age, an age celeritas, celeritatis (f.): swiftness, speed civitas, -tatis (f.): state, citizenship cupiditas, -tatis (f): desire, longing, passion, cupidity, avarice dignitas, dignitatis (f.): merit, prestige, dignity libertas, libertatis (f.): freedom paupertas, -tatis (f.): poverty, humble circumstances probitas, probitatis (f.): honesty tempestas, -tatis (f.): storm, weather, period of time, season veritas, veritatis (f.): truth
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voluptas, -tatis (f.): pleasure
Feminine –tus, -tutis (abstract concepts) salus, salutis (f.): safety senectus, utis (f.): old age servitus, utis (f.): servitude, slavery virtus, tutis (f.): virtue, merit
Feminine –rs, -rtis (i-stem) ars, artis (f.): art, skill, craft mors, mortis, (f.): death pars, partis (f.) part, share, direction
Mixed Gender –ns, -ntis (i-stem) adulescens, adulescentis (m. and f.) a youth or young person dens, dentis (m.): tooth gens, gentis (f.): clan, race, nation, people mens, mentis (f.): mind, thought mons, montis (m.): mountain parens, parentis (m. or f.): parent
Mixed Gender –s, -ris or -dis or -tis aes, aeris (n.): bronze mos, moris (m.): habit, custom, manner; mores, morum: character os, oris (n.): mouth, face ius, iuris (n.): right, law rus, ruris (n.): the country, countryside plus, pluris (sing. neut. noun = partative genitive, pl. adj.): more custos, custodis (m.): guard laus, laudis (f.): praise, glory, fame pes, pedis (m.): lower leg, foot miles, militis (m.): soldier nepos, nepotis (m.) grandson descendant sacredos, sacredotis (m.): priest
Mixed Masc/Fem –x, -cis or -gis or -ctis arx, arcis (f.): citadel dux, ducis (m.): leader, guide, commander, general iudex, iudicis (m.): judge, juror lux, lucis (f.): light
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pax, pacis (f.): peace vox, vocis (f.): voice, word lex, legis (f.): law rex, regis (m.): king nox, noctis (f.): night (i-stem)
Mixed Masc/Fem –is/es, -is (i-stem) auris, auris (f): ear civis, civis (m. or f.): citizen finis, is (m.): limit, end, boundary, purpose; fines, ium = boundaries, territory hostis, is (m.): an enemy (of the state); hostes, ium, the enemy ignis, is (m.): fire navis, navis (f.): ship nubes, is (f.): cloud
Feminine –io, -ionis (result of action) delectatio, delectationis (f.): delight, pleasure, enjoyment occasio, occasionis (f.) occasion, opportunity oratio, orationis (f.): speech ratio, rationis (f.): calculation, reason, judgement, consideration; system; manner, method remissio, remissionis (f.): release, relaxation
Neuter –men, -minis carmen, carminis (n.): song, poem flumen, fluminis (n.): river limen, liminis (n.): threshold nomen, nominis (n.): name
Neuter –us, -oris or -eris corpus, corporis (n.): body litus, litoris (n.) shore, coast pectus, pectoris (n.): breast, heart tempus, temporis (n.): time, occasion, opportunity genus, generis, n., origin, kind, sort, class opus, operis (n.): work, task, deed, accomplishment scelus, sceleris (n.): crime sidus, sideris (n.): constellation, star vulnus, vulneris (n.): wound
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Miscellaneous (mixed i-stem and regular)
Carthago, Carthaginis (f.): Carthage cupido, cupidinis (f.): desire, passion homo, hominis (m.): man(kind) virgo, virginis (f.): maiden, virgin
Cicero, Ciceronis (m.): Cicero iter, itineris (n.): journey, route, road senex, (gen.) senis (adj and noun): old, aged, old man caput, capitis (n.): head, leader, beginning, etc. mare, maris (n.): sea as, assis (m.): an as (i.e. a small copper coin, roughly = a penny) plebs, plebis (f.): the common people, populace, plebians urbs, urbis (f.): city ops, opis (f.): help, aid princeps, principis (adj or masc. or fem. noun): chief, foremost, leader, emperor animal, animalis (n.): animal consul, consulis (m.): consul sal, salis (m.): salt, wit sol, solis (m.): sun
Caesar, aris (m.): Caesar maiores, -rum (m.): those greater, ancestors (plural only) milia, milium: thousands (but plural only)
Irregular 3 rd declension vis, vis, vi, vim, vi, vires, virium, viribus, vires or viris, viribus (f.): (sg.) force;
(pl.) strength vesper, vesperi or vesperis (m. either 2 nd or 3 rd decl.): evening, evening star
Fourth Declension –us (mostly masculine)
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cursus, -us (m.): running, race, course exercitus, us: army fructus, us (m.): fruit, profit, enjoyment manus, us (f.): hand, band (of men); handwriting senatus, us (m.): senate spiritus, us (m): breath, spirit versus, us (m.): line of poetry vultus, us (m.): face, contenance
(many 4 th decl. nouns formed from 4 th pp = an action) metus, us (m.): fear, dread, anxiety sensus, us (m): feeling transitus, us: passing over, transit, transition domus, -us (or –i) (f.): house, home; domi = at home; domum (to) home; domo from home
Fourth Declension – u (neuter) cornu, us (n.): horn genu, genus (n.): knee
Fifth Declension (Mostly Feminine) dies, diei (m.): day fides, fidei (f.): faith, trust, truthworthiness, fidelity, protection res, rei (f.): thing, matter, business, affair; res publica, rei publicae (f.): republic, state, commonwealth spes, spei (f.): hope
ADJECTIVES AND PRONOUNS
1 st and 2 nd Declension Adjectives
-us, -a, -um acerbus, a, um: harsh, bitter, grievous adversus, a, um: adverse, opposite aequus, a, um: equal, fair, level, calm, favorable amicus, a, um: friendly antiquus, a, um: ancient, old-time, of old avarus, a, um: greedy beatus, a, um: blessed, happy, etc. bellus, a, um: pretty, handsome, charming bonus, a, um: good caecus, a, um: blind
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candidus, a, um: shining bright, white, beautiful carus, a, um: dear certus, a, um: definite, sure, reliable, certain ceteri, ae, a: the remaining, the rest, (all) the others (plural only) clarus, a, um: clear, bright, renown, illustrious cupidus, a, um: desirous, eager, fond; (+ gen) desirous of, eager for dignus, a, um (+abl): worthy (of) durus, a, um: hard, harsh, rough, stern, unfeeling, hard, difficult firmus, a, um: firm, strong, reliable geminus, a, um: twin
Graecus, a, um: Greek (substantive Graecus = a Greek) gratus, a, um: pleasing, agreeable, grateful humanus, a, um: pertaining to man, human; humane, kind, refined, cultivated idoneus, a, um: suitable, fit, appropriate immotus, a, um: unmoved, unchanged, unrelenting incertus, a,um: uncertain, doubtful infirmus, a, um: infirm, not strong, weak, feeble iratus, a, um: angry iucundus, a, um: pleasant, agreeable, pleasing, delightful iustus, a, um: just, right
Latinus, a, um: Latin longus, a, um: long magnanimus, a, um: great-hearted, brave, courageous magnus, a, um malus, a, um: bad, evil, wicked maximus, a, um: greatest medius, a, um: middle; (used partively) the middle of: media urbs, the middle of the city merus, a, um: pure, undiluted meus, a, um: my (irreg. voc masc. sg. = mi) minimus, a, um: least, smallest mortuus, a, um: dead multus, a, um: many novus, a, um: new, strange optimus, a, um: best parvus, a, um: small, little pauci, ae, a: a few, few (but plural only) perpetuus, a, um: perpetual, uninterrupted, continuous pessimus, a, um: worst plenus, a, um: full, etc. plurimus, a, um: most primus, a, um: first, foremost, chief principle pristinus, a, um: ancient, former, previous
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pudicus, a, um: modest, chaste quantus, a, um: how large, how great, how much ridiculus, a, um: laughable, ridiculous
Romanus, a, um: Roman salvus, a, um: safe, sound sanus, a, um: healthy, sound secundus, a, um: second, favorable stultus, a, um: foolish (substantive stultus = fool) summus, a, um: highest, farthest superus, a, um: above, upper supremus, a, um: highest, last suus, a, um: (reflexive poss. adj. of 3rd person) his own, her own, its own, their own tantus, a, um: so large, so great, of such a size tuus, a, um: your (sing.) ultimus, a, um: farthest, last, extreme, final urbanus, a, um: urbane, elegant verus, a, um: true, real vivus, a, um: alive, living
-er, -era, -erum asper, aspera, asperum: rough, harsh l ī ber, l ī bera, l ī berum: free miser, misera, miserum: wretched, miserable, unfortunate
-er, -ra, -rum dexter, dextra, dextrum: right, right-handed noster, nostra, nostrum: our, ours pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum: beautiful sinister, sinistra, sinistrum: left, ill-omened vester, vestra, vestrum: your (pl.), yours
-ius gen. sg./-i dat. sg. Adjectives & Pronouns (1 st and 2 nd declension for the most endings) ille, illa, illud: that, those, the former, that famous iste, ista, istud: that of yours, that or such (with contemptuous force) ipse, a, um: (intensive pronoun)himself, herself, itself, etc. is, ea, id: this, that, he, she, it, they idem, eadem, idem: the same hic, haec, hoc: this, these, the latter qui, quae, quod (rel. pron.):who, which, what, that qui? quae? quod?: (interrog. adj.) what? which? what kind of?
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quidam, quaedam, quiddam (pron.) (or quoddam (adj.)): a certain (one, thing); some(one, thing) quis? quid?: (interrog. prn.) who? what? quis, quid after si, nisi, ne, num = aliquis, aliquid aliquis, aliquid: someone, something, somebody quisquis, quidquid: whoever, whatever quisque, quidque: each one/thing
Unus, a, um: one, single
Nullus, a, um: no, none, not any
Ullus, a, um: any
Solus, a, um: alone, only, the only
Neuter, neutra, neutrum: neither
Alter, altera, alterum: the other (of 2)
Uter, utra, utrum: either
Totus, a, um: whole, entire
Alius, a, ud: another, other
3 rd Declension Adjectives
-er, -eris, -ere celer, celeris, celere: swift, quick, rapid
-er, -ris, -re
- is, -e acer, acris, acre: keen, sharp, fierce brevis, e: short, small, brief communis, e: common, general difficilis, e: hard, difficult, troublesome dissimilis, e: unlike, different dulcis, e: sweet, pleasant, agreeable facilis, e: easy fidelis, e: faithful, loyal fortis,e: strong, brave gracilis, e: slender, thin gravis, grave: serious, heavy humilis, e: lowly, humble immortalis, e: not subject to death, immortal levis, leve: light, easy, etc. liberalis, e: relating to a free person, worthy of a free man, decent, liberal, generous mediocris, mediocre: ordinary, moderate, mediocre
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mirabilis, mirabile: amazing, wondrous, remarkable omnis, e: all, every similis, e: similar, like, resembling (+ gen or dat) suavis, e: sweet sublimis, e: elevated, lofty, heroic, noble talis, e: such, of such a sort tristis, e: sad, etc. turpis, e: ugly, shameful, base, disgraceful utilis, e: useful, advantageous
- ns (gen. –ntis) absens (gen. absentis): absent, away diligens (gen. diligentis): diligent, careful ingens, (gen. ingentis): huge potens, (gen. potentis): powerful sapiens, (gen. sapientis): wise, judicious
- x (gen. –cis) felix, (gen. felicis): happy, fortunate ferox, (gen. ferocis): fierce, savage
Irregular maior, maius: larger, greater, older (base -ior-; not an i-stem) melior, melius: better (base -ior-; not an i-stem) peior, peius: worse (base -ior-; not an i-stem) prior, prius: prior, former (base -ior-; not an i-stem) superior, superius: higher (base -ior-; not an i-stem) minor, minus: smaller, less, younger (base -or-; not an i-stem) vetus (gen. veteris – not an i-stem): old dives (gen. divitis or ditis): rich pauper, (gen. pauperis): poor, of small means par (gen. paris): equal, like (+ dat)
Irregular Pronouns/Adjectives ego, mei, mihi, me, me: I, me nemo, nullius, nemini, neminem, nullo or null ā (m. or f.): no one, nobody nos, nostrum or nostri, nobis, nos, nobis: we, us sui, sibi, se, se (reflexive 3rd per. pronoun): him/her/itself, themselves tu, tui, tibi, te, te: you (sg.)
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vos, vestrum, vestri, vobis, vos, vobis: you (pl.)
WORDS THAT DON’T CHANGE FORMS
Indeclinable nouns mille: thousand necesse (nom or acc only): necessary nihil (indecl. n.): nothing satis (indecl. noun, adj., adv.): enough, sufficient(ly)
Adverbs autem (postpositive): however, moreover bene (adv. of bonus): well cito: quickly cotidie or cottidie: daily, every day cras: tomorrow dehinc: then, next denique: at last, finally, lastly diu: long, for a long time diutissime: very long diutius: longer etiam: even, also facile: easily foris: out of doors, outside fortasse: perhaps furtim: secretly, stealthily heri: yesterday h ī c (adv.): here hodie: today iam: now, already, soon ibi: there ita: so, thus itaque (adv.): and so, therefore iterum: again libenter: with pleasure, gladly longe: far magis: more magnopere: greatly male: badly maxime: very greatly mox: soon multum: much (adv.) ne…quidem: not…even
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nimis, nimium: too, too much, excessively non: not numquam: never nunc: now nuper: recently olim: once upon a time omnino: wholly, entirely, altogether parum: little, not very much plurimum (adv): most, very much postea: afterwards postremum: afterall, finally, for the last time primo: at first, at the beginning primum (adv): in the first place protinus: immediately quam (adv.): how quidem: indeed, certainly, at leasat, even quin: indeed, in fact quondam: formerly, once quoque: also quot: how many, as many as repente: suddenly saepe: often semel: at a single time, once and for all, simultaneously semper: always sic: so, thus subito: suddenly tam: so, to such a degree tamen: nevertheless tamquam: as it were, as if, so to speak tantum: only tot: so many totidem: the same number totiens: that number of times, that often, so often tum: then, at that time, thereupon, in the next place umquam: ever, at any time vero: in truth, indeed, to be sure, however usque: all the way, up to, even to, continuously, always
Conjunctions
-que: (enclitic conj. to be appended to the second of two words to be joined) and at (conj.): but, mind you; but; but, you say atque, ac (only before a consonant): (conj.) and, and also, and even aut: or; aut...aut: either...or
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cum (+ subjunctive): when, since, although; (+ indicative) when dum: while, as long as, at the same time that dummodo (+ subjunctive): provided that, so long as enim (postpos. conj.) for, in fact, truly et: and; et…et: both…and etsi: even if, although igitur (postpositive conj.): therefore nam (conj.): for ne: (+ subjunctive) not, in order that … not, in order not to neque or nec: and not, nor; neque...neque = neither...nor neque, nec, and not, nor; neque…neque or nec…nec neither…nor nisi: unless, if…not, except non solum...sed etiam: not only ... but also quam (adv. and conj.): (after comparatives) than, (after superlatives) as...as possible quando: when (si quando: if ever) quare: wherefore, because of which. why; (interrog. adv. and conj.) where? quod: because quoniam (conj.): since sed: but si: if tam…quam: so…as ubi: (rel. adv. and conj.) where, when unde: whence, from what, from where, from whom, from which ut (+ indicative): as, when, just as ut (+ subjunctive): in order to, in order that, so that, that, so as to, to; (+ indic) as, when utrum…an: whether…or
-ve: or (acts similar to –que)
Preposition + ablative a, ab (+ abl.): from, away from, by cum (+ abl.): with de (+ abl.): from, down from; about, concerning e, ex (+ abl.): out of, from, by reason of, on account of in (+ abl.): in, on prae (+ abl): in front of pro (+ abl.): in front of, before, on behalf of, for the sake of, in return for, instead of, for, as sine (+ abl.): without sub: (+ abl. with verbs of rest) under, up close to
Preposition + accusative ad (+ acc.): to, towards, up to, near to ante: (prep. + acc.) in front of; (adv.) before, previously
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Other apud (+acc): at the house of, among, in the presence of contra (+acc): against erga (+acc): towards inter (+ acc.): between, among per: (prep. + acc): through; per- (prefix) thoroughly, through, completely, very post (+ acc.): after, behind praeter (+acc): besides, except, beyond, past propter (+ acc.): on account of, because of sub: (+ acc. w/ verbs of motion) under, up close to trans (+acc.): across ultra (+acc): beyond
-ne: (enclitic on end of 1st word of sentence to indicate yes or no question to which the answer is uncertain) num: introduces a question that expects a no answer nonne: introduces a question that expects a yes answer quasi: as if, as it were heu: ah! alas!
O!: Oh! vae: alas, woe to (+dat)
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Alphabetic list of vocabulary mutual to both sequences
(Know: the Roman words for numbers 1-10 and 100; first, second, and third)
**A** a, ab (+ abl.): by, from a, ab (+ abl.): by, from, away from a, ab (+ abl.): from, away from, by abeo, abire, abii, abitum: to go away, depart, leave accedo, accedere, accessi, accessum: to come (to), approach accipio, ere, cepi, ceptum: to take, to get, to receive, accept acer, acris, acre: keen, sharp, fierce ad (+ acc.): to, towards, up to, near to adeo, adire, adii, aditum: to go to, approach adfero (or affero ) , adferre (or afferre ) , attuli, allatum: to bring to admitto, admittere, admisi, admissum: to receive, etc. adulescens, adulescentis (m. and f.) a youth or young person aequus, a, um: equal, fair, level, calm, favorable aes, aeris (n.): bronze aetas, aetatis (f.): period of life, life, age, an age ager, agri: field ago, agere, egi, actum: drive, do, act; spend or pass (time or life); gratias agere + dat = to thank
(lit. to give thanks to) agricola, ae (m.): farmer ait, aiunt: he says, they say (commonly used in connection w/proverbs and anecdotes) aliquis, aliquid: someone, something, somebody alius, a, ud: another, other alter, altera, alterum: the other (of 2) amicitia, ae: friendship amicus, a, um: friendly amicus, i: friend amitto, amittere, amisi, amissum: to lose or let go amo (1): to love amor, amoris (m.): love animus, i: soul, spirit, mind (pl. = high spirits, courage, pride) annus, i: year ante: (prep. + acc.) in front of; (adv.) before, previously antiquus, a, um: ancient, old-time, of old appello (1): speak, address, call, etc. apud (+acc): at the house of, among, in the presence of aqua, ae: water arbor, arboris (f.): tree
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arma, amorum (n. pl.): arms, weapons ars, artis (f.): art, skill, craft arx, arcis (f.): citadel
Asia, ae: Asia at (conj.): but, mind you; but; but, you say atque, ac (only before a consonant): (conj.) and, and also, and even audio, audire, audivi, auditum: to hear aut: or; aut...aut, either...or autem (postpositive): however, moreover auxilium, ii: aid, help averto (etc.): turn away, avert
**B** beatus, a, um: blessed, happy, etc. bellum, i: war bellus, a, um: pretty, handsome, charming bene (adv. of bonus): well bene: well beneficium, ii: kindness bonus, a, um: good brevis, e: short, small, brief
**C** caelum, i: sky, heaven
Caesar, aris (m.): Caesar capio, capere, cepi, captum: to take, capture, get caput, capitis (n.): head, leader, beginning, etc. carmen, carminis (n.): song, poem
Carthago, Carthaginis (f.): Carthage carus, a, um: dear causa, ae: cause, reason; (abl. with preceding gen.) for the sake of, on account of cedo, cedere, cessi, cessum: to go, withdraw, yield to, grant, submit celer, celeris, celere: swift, quick, rapid cerno, cernere, crevi, cretum: to distinguish, perceive certus, a, um: definite, sure, reliable, certain ceteri, ae, a: the remaining, the rest, (all) the others
Cicero, Ciceronis (m.): Cicero civis, civis (m. or f.): citizen civitas, -tatis (f.): state, citizenship cogo, cogere, coegi, coactum: to drive together, bring together, compel, force, collect
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committo, ere, misi, missum: entrust, commit communis, e: common, general comprehendo, comprehendere, comprehendi, comprehensum: to grasp, seize, arrest, understand, comprehend condo, condere, condidi, conditum: to put together, put into, store, found, establish confero, conferre, contuli, collatum: to bring together, compare, confer conor, conari, conatus sum: to try, attempt consilium, i: plan consul, consulis (m.): consul contendo, condendere, contendi, contentum: to strive, struggle, contend, hasten contineo, ere, tinui, tentum: hold together, retrain, contain, keep, enclose contra (+acc): against copia, ae: abundance, supply copiae, copiarum: supplies, troops, forces cornu, us (n.): horn corpus, corporis (n.): body cotidie or cottidie: daily, every day cras: tomorrow credo, -ere, credidi, creditum: believe, trust (+ acc or dat) creo (1): to create cum (+ abl.): with cum (+ subjunctive): when, since, although; (+ indicative) when cupiditas, -tatis (f): desire, longing, passion, cupidity, avarice cupidus, a, um: desirous, eager, fond; (+ gen) desirous of, eager for cupio, cupere, cupivi, cupitum: to desire cura, ae: care, attention, caution, anxiety curro, ere, cucurri, cursum: run cursus, -us: running, race, course
**D** de (+ abl.): from, down from; about, concerning dea, ae: goddess defendo, defendere, defendi, defensum: to defend deleo, ere, delevi, deletum: destroy, wipe out, erase deus, i: god dexter, dextra, dextrum: right, right-handed dico, dicere, dixi, dictum: to say dies, diei (m.): day difficilis, e: hard, difficult, troublesome dignus, a, um (+abl): worthy (of) diligens (gen. diligentis): diligent, careful
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**E** discedo, discedere, discessi, discessum: to depart discipulus, i: student dissimilis, e: unlike, different diu: for a long time diu: long, for a long time diutissime: very long diutius: longer do, dare, dedi, datum: to give, offer doceo, ere, docui, doctum: teach doleo, dolere, dolui, doliturum: to grieve, suffer dolor, doloris (m.): pain, grief dominus, i: master domus, -us (or –i) (f.): house, home; domi = at home; domum (to) home; domo from home donum, i: gift dormio, domire, dormivi, dormitum: to sleep dubito (1) to doubt, hesitate duco, ducere, duxi, ductum: lead dulcis, e: sweet, pleasant, agreeable dum: while, as long as, at the same time that dummodo (+ subjunctive): provided that, so long as dux, ducis (m.): leader, guide, commander, general e, ex (+ abl.): out of, from, by reason of, on account of ego, mei, mihi, me, me: I, me egredior, egredi, egressus sum: to depart, go out, leave enim (postpos. conj.) for, in fact, truly eo, ire, ivi (or ii), itum: to go equus, i: horse eripio, ere, -ripui, reptum: snatch away, take away, rescue erro (1): wander, err, go astray, be mistaken est: is, there is et: and etiam: even, also excipio, excipere, excepi, exceptum: to take out, except exeo, exire, exii, exitum: to go out, exit exercitus, us: army exigo, exigere, exegi, exactum: to drive out, force out, exact experior, experiri, expertus sum: to try, test, experience expono, exponere, exposui, expositum: to set forth, explain, expose exspecto (1): look for, expect, wait for
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**F** facilis, e: easy facio, facere, feci, factum: make, do factum, i: deed, act, achievement fama, ae: rumor, report, fame familia, ae: household, family fatum, i: fate, death felix, (gen. felicis): happy, fortunate fero, ferre, tuli, latum: to bear, carry, bring, suffer, endure, tolerate, say, report ferrum, i: iron, sword fidelis, e: faithful, loyal fides, fidei (f.): faith, trust, truthworthiness, fidelity, protection filia, ae: daughter filius, i: son finis, is (m.): limit, end, boundary, purpose; fines, ium = boundaries, territory fio, fieri, factus sum: to occur, happen, become, be made, be done firmus, a, um: firm, strong, reliable forma, ae: form, shape, beauty fortasse: perhaps fortis,e: strong, brave fortuna, ae: fortune forum, i: marketplace, forum frater, fratris (m.): brother fructus, us (m.): fruit, profit, enjoyment fugio, fugere, fugi, fugitum: flee, hurry away, avoid, shun
**G** gaudeo, gaudere, gausus sum: to be glad, rejoice gens, gentis (f.): clan, race, nation, people genus, generis, n., origin, kind, sort, class gero, gerere, gessi, gestum: carry, carry on, manage, conduct, accomplish (+ bellum = wage war) gloria, ae: glory, fame gracilis, e: slender, thin gratus, a, um: pleasing, agreeable, grateful gravis, grave: serious, heavy
**H**
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habeo, habere, habui, habitum: have, hold, possess, consider heri: yesterday hic (adv.): here hic, haec, hoc: this, these, the latter hodie: today homo, hominis (m.): man(kind) honor, honoris (m.): honor, esteem, public office hora, ae: hour, time hortor, hortari, hortatus sum: to encourage, urge hostis, hostis (m.): enemy hostis, is (m.): an enemy (of the state); hostes, ium, the enemy humilis, e: lowly, humble
**I** iam: now, already, soon ibi: there idem, eadem, idem: the same idoneus, a, um: suitable, fit, appropriate igitur (postpositive conj.): therefore ignis, is (m.): fire ignosco, ignoscere, ignovi, ignotum (+ dat): to grant pardon to, forgive ille, illa, illud: that, those, the former, that famous imperium, i (n.): power to command, supreme power, command, control impero (1): (+ dat) to command, give orders to in (+ abl.): in, on incipio, ere, cepi, ceptum: begin, undertake, take on ineo, inire, inii, initum: to go in, to enter ingenium, ii: nature, innate talent ingens, (gen. ingentis): huge insula, ae: island, apartment block intellego, intellegere, intellexi, intellectum: to understand inter (+ acc.): between, among interficio, interficere, interfeci, interfectum: to kill, murder invenio, ire: come upon, find invidia, ae: envy, jealousy ipse, a, um: (intensive pronoun)himself, herself, itself, etc. ira, ae: anger iratus, a, um: angry is, ea, id: this, that, he, she, it, they iste, ista, istud: that of yours, that or such (with contemptuous force) ita: so, thus
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Italia, ae: Italy itaque (adv.): and so, therefore iter, itineris (n.): journey, route, road iterum: again iubeo, ere, iussi, iussum: bid, order, command ius, iuris (n.): right, law iuvo, iuvare, iuvi, iutum: to help, aid
**L** labor, laboris (m.): labor, work, toil laboro (1): to labor, suffer lacrima, ae: tear laudo (1): praise laus, laudis (f.): praise, glory, fame lego, legere, legi, lectum: pick out, choose, read lex, legis (f.): law libenter: with pleasure, gladly liber, libera, liberum: free liber, libri: book libero (1) free, liberate libertas, libertatis (f.): freedom licet, licere, licuit (impersonal+dat+infinitive): it is permitted, one may littera, ae: a letter of the alphabet litterae, arum: a letter (epistle), literature litus, litoris (n.) shore, coast loca, locorum: places, regions loci, locorum: passages locus, i: place, passage in literature longus, a, um: long loquor, loqui, locutus sum: to speak, tell, say ludus, i: game, sport lux, lucis (f.): light
**M** magis: more magister, tri: master, teacher magnanimus, a, um: great-hearted, brave, courageous magnopere: greatly magnus, a, um maior, maius: larger, greater, older
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**N** maiores, rum (m.): those greater, ancestors male: badly malo, malle, malui: to prefer, to want…(something)…more/instead malus, a, um: bad, evil, wicked maneo, ere: remain, stay, stay behind, abide, continue manus, us (f.): hand, band (of men); handwriting mare, maris (n.): sea mater, matris (f.): mother maximus, a, um: greatest me: me melior, melius: better memoria, ae: memory mens, mentis (f.): mind, thought metuo, metuere, metui: to fear, dread, be afraid for metus, us (m.): fear, dread, anxiety meus, a, um: my (irreg. voc masc. sg. = mi) miles, militis (m.): soldier minimus, a, um: least, smallest minor, minus: smaller, less, younger mirabilis, mirabile: amazing, wondrous, remarkable miror, mirari, miratus sum: to wonder (at) admire miser, misera, miserum: wretched, miserable, unfortunate mitto, mittere, misi, missum: send modus, i (m.): measure, bound, limit, manner, method, mode moenia, moenium (n. pl.): walls of a city moneo, monere, monui, monitum: advise, warn mons, montis (m.): mountain mora, ae: delay mors, mortis, (f.): death mortuus, a, um: dead mos, moris (m.): habit, custom, manner; mores, morum: character moveo, movere, movi, motum: move, arouse, affect mox: soon mulier, mulieris (f.): woman multum: much (adv.) multus, a, um: many muto (1): change, alter, exchange
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nam (conj.): for narro (1): tell, report, narrate nascor, nasci, natus sum: to be born, arise natura, naturae: nature nauta, ae (m.): sailor navis, navis (f.): ship
-ne: (enclitic on end of 1st word of sentence to indicate yes or no question to which the answer is uncertain) ne: (+ subjunctive) not, in order that … not, in order not to necesse (nom or acc only): necessary nego (1): deny, say that...not nemo, nullius, nemini, neminem, nullo or nulla (m. or f.): no one, nobody neque or nec: and not, nor; neque...neque = neither...nor neque, nec, and not, nor; neque…neque or nec…nec neither…nor nescio, ire, ivi, itum: not to know neuter, neutre, neutrum: neither nihil (indecl. n.): nothing nimis or nimium:(adv.) too, too much, excessively nimis, nimium: too, too much, excessively noceo, nocere, nocui, nocitum (+ dat): to harm, do injury to , do harm to nolo, nolle, nolui: to not..wish, be unwilling nomen, nominis (n.): name nomen, nominis, (n.): name non solum...sed etiam: not only ... but also non: not nonne: introduces a question that expects a yes answer nos, nostrum or nostri, nobis, nos, nobis: we, us noster, nostra, nostrum: our, ours novus, a, um: new, strange nox, noctis (f.): night nullus, a, um: no, none, not any num: introduces a question that expects a no answer numerus, i: number numquam: never nunc: now nuntio (1): announce, report, relate nuper: recently
**O**
O!: Oh! obeo, obire, obii, obitum: to go up against, meet, die
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oculus, i: eye odium, ii: hatred officium, i: duty, service, office or position omnino: wholly, entirely, altogether omnis, e: all, every oportet, oportere, oportuit (impersonal): it is proper, right, necessary ops, opis (f.): help, aid optimus, a, um: best opus, operis (n.): work, task, deed, accomplishment oratio, orationis (f.): speech oro (1): to speak, plead, beg, beseech, entreat, pray os, oris (n.): mouth, face ostendo, ere, ostendi, ostentum: exhibit, show, display
**P** par (gen. paris): equal, like (+ dat) parco, parcere, peperci, parsurum (+ dat): to be lenient to paro (1): prepare, obtain pars, partis (f.) part, share, direction parum: little, not very much parvus, a, um: small, little pater, patris (m.): father patior, pati, passus sum: to endure, suffer, permit patria, ae: country pauci, ae, a: a few, few pax, pacis (f.): peace pectus, pectoris (n.): breast, heart pecunia, ae: money peior, peius: worse per: (prep. + acc): through; per- (prefix) thoroughly, through, completely, very periculum, i: danger, risk persuadeo, persuadere, persuasi, persuasum (+ dat): to persuade pes, pedis (m.): lower leg, foot pessimus, a, um: worst peto, petere, petivi, petitum: seek, aim at, beg, beseech placeo, placere, placui, placitum (+dat): to be pleasing to, to please plebs, plebis (f.): the common people, populace, plebians plurimus, a, um: most plus, pluris (sing. neut. noun = partative genitive, pl. adj.): more poena, ae: penalty, punishment (poenam dare = to pay the penalty) poeta, ae (m.): poet
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populus, i: people, a nation porta, ae: gate possum, posse, potui: to be able, can post (+ acc.): after, behind postea: afterwards potens, (gen. potentis): powerful praemium, ii: prize, reward praesto, praestare, praestiti, praestitum: to excel, exhibit, show, offer, supply, furnish praeter (+acc): besides, except, beyond, past primo: at first, at the beginning primus, a, um: first, foremost, chief principle princeps, principis (adj or masc. or fem. noun): chief, foremost, leader, emperor prior, prius: prior, former pro (+ abl.): in front of, before, on behalf of, for the sake of, in return for, instead of, for, as proficiscor, proficisci, profectus sum: to set out, start prohibeo, prohibere, prohibui, prohibitum: to prohibit, prevent, keep back propter (+ acc.): on account of, because of puella, ae: girl puer, i: boy pugno (1): to fight pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum: beautiful puto (1): reckon, suppose, judge, think, imagine
**Q** quaero, quaerere, quaesivi, quaesitum: seek, look for, strive for, ask, inquire quam (adv. and conj.): (after comparatives) than, (after superlatives) as...as possible quando: when (si quando: if ever) quantus, a, um: how large, how great, how much
-que: (enclitic conj. to be appended to the second of two words to be joined) and qui, quae, quod (rel. pron.):who, which, what, that qui? quae? quod?: (interrog. adj.) what? which? what kind of? quid: what quidam, quaedam, quiddam (pron.) (or quoddam (adj.)): a certain (one, thing); some(one, thing) quis, quid after si, nisi, ne, num = aliquis, aliquid quis? quid?: (interrog. prn.) who? what? quisque, quidque: eachone/thing quod: because quondam: formerly, once quoque: also quot: how many, as many as
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**R** ratio, rationis (f.): calculation, reason, judgement, consideration; system; manner, method re- or red-: (prefix) again, back recipio, ere, cepi, ceptum: take back, regain, admit, receive, recuso (1): to refuse redeo, redire, redii, reditum: to go back, to return refero, referre, retuli, relatum: to carry back, bring back, repeat, answer, report regina, ae: queen rego, regere, rexi, rectum: to rule relinquo, ere, liqui, lictum: leave behind, leave, abandon, desert reperio, reperire, repperi, repertum: to find, discover, learn, get res publica, rei publicae (f.): republic, state, commonwealth res, rei (f.): thing, matter, business, affair respondeo, respondere, respondi, responsum: to answer rex, regis (m.): king rogo (1): to ask
Roma, Romae: Rome
Romanus, a, um: Roman rumor, rumoris (m.): rumor, gossip rus, ruris (n.): the country, countryside
**S** saepe: often salus, salutis (f.): safety salveo, salvere salvus, a, um: safe, sound sapiens, (gen. sapientis): wise, judicious satis (indecl. noun, adj., adv.): enough, sufficient(ly) saxum, i: rock, stone scelus, sceleris (n.): crime scio, ire, scivi, scitum: know scribo, scribere, scripsi, scriptum: to write, compose secundus, a, um: second, favorable sed: but sedeo, sedere, sedi, sessum: to sit semper: always senatus, us (m.): senate senex, (gen.) senis (adj and noun): old, aged, old man sententia, ae: feeling, thought, opinion
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sentio, sentire, sensi, sensum: feel perceive, think experience sequor, sequi, secutus sum: to follow servitus, utis (f.): servitude, slavery servo (1): preserve, save, keep servus, i (m.): slave si: if sic: so, thus sidus, sideris (n.): constellation, star signum, i (n.): sign, signal, indication, seal similis, e: similar, like, resembling (+ gen or dat) sine (+ abl.): without sinister, sinistra, sinistrum: left, ill-omened sol, solis (m.): sun solus, a, um: alone, only, the only somnus, i: sleep soror, sororis (f.): sister spero (1): hope for, hope (reg. used w/ fut. inf. in ind. statement) spes, spei (f.): hope sto, stare, steti, statum: to stand studeo, studere, studi, (+ dat): to study, direct zeal to, be eager for sub: (+ abl. with verbs of rest; + acc. w/ verbs of motion) under, up close to subito: suddenly sui (reflexive 3rd per. pronoun): him/her/itself, themselves sum, esse, fui, futurus: to be summus, a, um: highest, farthest superior, superius: higher supero (1): be above, overcome, have the upperhand, surpass, conquer surgo, surgere, surrexi, surrectum: to get up, arise suscipio, suscipere, suscepi, susceptum: to undertake suus, a, um: (reflexive poss. adj. of 3rd person) his own, her own, its own, their own
**T** talis, e: such, of such a sort tam: so, to such a degree tam…quam: so…as tamen: nevertheless tantum: only tantus, a, um: so large, so great, of such a size te: you, yourself (abl/acc. sg.) tempestas, -tatis (f.): storm, weather, period of time, season tempus, temporis (n.): time, occasion, opportunity
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teneo, tenere, tenui, tentum: hold, keep, possess, restrain terra, ae: earth, ground, land, country terreo, terrere, terrui, territum: to frighten, terrify timeo, ere, timui: fear, be afraid (of) timor, timoris (m.): fear tollo, ere, sustuli, sublatum: raise, lift up; take away, remove, destroy tot: so many totus, a, um: whole, entire traho, trahere, trxi, tractum: to drag, etc. trans (+acc.): across tristis, e: sad, etc. tu, tui, tibi, te, te: you (sg.) tum: then, at that time, thereupon, in the next place turpis, e: ugly, shameful, base, disgraceful tuus, a, um: your (sing.)
**U** ubi: (rel. adv. and conj.) where, when ullus, a, um: any umquam: ever, at any time unde: whence, from what, from where, from whom, from which unus, a, um: one, single urbanus, a, um: urbane, elegant urbs, urbis (f.): city usque: all the way, up to, even to, continuously, always ut (+ indicative): as, when, just as ut (+ subjunctive): in order to, in order that, so that, that, so as to, to; (+ indic) as, when uter, utra, utrum: either utilis, e: useful, advantageous utor, uti, usus sum (+abl): to use, enjoy, experience utrum…an: whether…or uxor, uxoris (f.): wife
**V** venio, venire, veni, ventum: come ventus, i: wind verbum, i: word vereor, vereri, veritus sum: to show reverence for , respect, be afraid of verto, ere, verti, versum: turn, change verus, a, um: true, real
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vesper, vesperi or vesperis (m.): evening, evening star vester, vestra, vestrum: your (pl.), yours vetus (gen. veteris – not an i-stem): old via, ae: way, road, street video, videre, vidi, visum: to see understand videor, videri, visus sum: to appear, seem vinco, vincere, vici, victum: to conquer vinculum, i: bond, chain, fetter vir, viri: man virgo, virginis (f.): maiden, virgin virtus, tutis (f.): virtue, merit vis, vis, vi, vim, vi, vires, virium, viribus, vires or viris, viribus (f.): (sg.) force; (pl.) strength vita, ae: life, way of life vito (1): to avoid, shun vivo, vivere, vixi, victum: live vivus, a, um: alive, living voco (1): call, summon volo, velle, volui: to wish, want, be willing, will vos, vestrum, vestri, vobis, vos, vobis: you (pl.) vox, vocis (f.): voice, word
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A list of any vocabulary not covered in Wheelock but covered in the regular Latin 1-2 sequence.
**A** abscido, abscidere, abscidi, abscisum: to cut away, cut off absum, abesse, afui, afuturus: to be away, be absent accurro, accurrere, accursi, accursum: to run to adduco, adducere, adduxi, adductum: to lead to, influence adeo (adv): to such an extent, so adligo (1): to bind, tie adorior, adoriri, adortus sum: attack adsum, adesse, adfui, adfuturus: to be present adventus, us: arrival approach aeger, aegra, aegrum: sick aegre: painfully, with difficulty aes alineum: debt aetas, aetatis (f.): age aggredior, aggredi, aggressus sum: approach, attack agmen, agminis (n.): column (of men) alienus, a, um: unrelated, foreign aliquando: sometime, anytime altus, a, um: high, deep, tall
Andromeda, ae (f.): the name of a Greek heroine anguis, is (m./f.) serpent, snake angustus, a, um: narrow animadverto, animavertere, animadverti, animadversum: notice, pay attention to antea: before, previously antequam (conjunction): before aperio, aperire, aperui, apertum: open, uncover, reveal aproprinquo (1) approach aptus, a, um: appropriate
Aquitania, ae: a province in S.W. Gaul arca, ae: ark, box, chest ardeo, ardere, arsi, arsus: to be inflamed, blaze, burn ascendo, ascendere, ascendi, ascensum: to ascend, climb ater, atra, atrum: black, dark auctoritas, auctoritatis (f.): authority, influence audacter: boldly audax, (gen. audacis): bold augeo, augere, auxi, auctum: to increase aurum, i: gold avidus, a, um: eager, greedily
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avus, i: grandfather
**C** calamitas, calamitatis (f.) calamity campus, i: field, plain, playing field canto (1): sing castra, -orum (n. pl): camp celeritas, celeritatis (f.): swiftness, speed certamen, certaminis (n.): contest, struggle cibus, i: food circum (+ acc): around clam: secretly clamo (1): to shout clamor, clamoris (m.): noise, shout colloquor, colloqui, collocutus sume: converse collum, i: neck comes, comitis (m./f.): companion confirmo (1): encourage, strengthen comparo (1): prepare, gather, achieve, acquire concedo, concedere, concessi, concuessum: yield, grant confestim: immediately conficio, conficere, confeci, confectum: finish, accomplish, make ready conicio, conicere, conieci, coniectum: cast, hurl, throw, throw together coniunx, coniungis (m./f.): spouse, husband, wife conscribo, conscribere, conscripsi, conscriptum: enlist, enroll consequor, consequi, consecutus sum: follow, pursue, gain, acquire consisto, consistere constiti, constitum: stop conspectus, us: sight conspicio, conspicere, conspexi, conspectum: spot, observe, catch sight of constituo, constituere, constitui, constitutum: decide, determine, establish consulo, consulere, consului, consultum: consult, resolve contego, contegere, contexi, contectum: cover continens, continentis (f.): mainland convenio, convenire, conveni, conventum: meet, come together, convene convoco (1): call together cur: why custos, custodis (m.): guard, guardian, protector
**D** decus, decoris (n.): honor, glory, dignity
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deduco, deducere, deduxi, deductum: lead away, remove, draw (a weapon) deficio, deficere, defeci, defectum: to fail, fall away deinde: then, next, from there delibero (1) consider, deliberate deligo, deligere, delegi, delectum: choose deploro (1): lament, mourn depono, deponere, deposui, depositum: put down descendo, descendere, descendi, descensum: descend desertus, a, um despicio, despicio, despexi, despectum: look down on desum, deesse, defui, defuture: to be lacking, lack, fail desuper: above, from above devoro (1): devour, swallow
Diana, ae: goddess of the moon and the hunt differo, differre, distuli, dilatum: scatter, defer, differ difficultas, difficultatis (f.): difficulty diligentia, ae: diligence dimitto, dimittere, dimisi, dimissum: send away, dismiss disco, discere, didici: to learn discus, i: discus divinus, a, um: divine, heavenly divus, a, um: divine doctus, a, um: learned
**E** edo, edere, edidi, editum: to give out educo, educere, eduxi, eductum: to lead out, unsheath efficio, efficere, effeci, effectum: effect, cause, bring about eloquentia, ae: eloquence epistula, ae: a (postal) letter eques, equitis (m.) horseman; pl. = cavalry erumpo, erumpere, erupi, eruptus: burst out, break out exanimo (1): exhaust excedo, excedere, excessi, excessum: to depart, go out excito (1): awaken, rouse exerceo, exercere, exercui, exercitum: to train existimo (1): consider, regard, think expugno (1): to storm extraho, extrahere, extraxi, extractum: drag out exuo, exuere, exui, exutum: to put off, take off
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**F** factio, factionis (f.): faction facultas, facultatis (f.): ability, power, skill, opportunity falsus, a, um: untrue, mistaken falx, falcis (f.): sickle, curved sword fames, famis (f.): hunger, famine faveo, favere, favi, fautum (+ dat): favor, support fere: nearly, almost fessus, a, um: tired, exhausted fingo, fingere, finxi, fictum: to compose, fashion, make, imagine, make up finio, finire, finivi/finii/finitum: limit, define finitimus, a, um: neighboring flamma, flammae: flame fleo, flere, flevi, fletum: weep fluctus, us: wave, sea, flood forte: accidentally, by chance fremitus, us: groan, roar, rumble fruor, frui, fructus sum (+abl): enjoy, profit from frustra: in vain fuga, ae: escape, flight fungor, fungi, functus sum (+ abl): perfom furor, furoris: fury, rage
**G** galea, ae: helmet
Gallus, a, um gaudium, ii: gladness, joy gladius, ii: sword
Gorgo(n), Gorgonis (f.): Gorgon (a monster) gradus, us: step gratia, ae: favor; pl. thanks gravitas, gravitatis (f.): weight, severity, hardness, seriousness graviter: seriously
**H** habito (1): dwell, live harena, ae: sand haud: not at all hiems, hiemis (f.): winter
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hinc: from here, from this place horribilis, e: horrible huc: hither, to this place
**I** ictus, us: blow, strike ignavus, a, um: lazy, idle ignoro (1): have no knowledge of immemor, immemoris: forgetful impedimentum, i: hinderance; pl. baggage imperitus, a, um: inexperienced, unskilled, ignorant impetro (1): obtain by asking impetus, us: attack importo (1): bring in, carry in incedo, incedere, incessi, incessum: go in incendo, incendere, incendi, incensum: to set fire to, outrage, burn incito (1): to urge on, arouse includo, includere, inclusi, inclusum: to enclose, imprison, shut up incola, ae: inhabitant incolo, incolere, incolui: inhabit incolumis, e: safe, unharmed inde: from there, thence induco, inducere, induxi, inductum: to lead in, influence induo, induere, indui, indutum: to clothe, put on infans, infantis (m./f.; i-stem): infant inficio, inficere, infeci, infectum: dye, stain inimicitia, ae: personal enmity, unfriendliness, hostility inimicus, a, um: hostile, unfriendly iniquus, a, um: uneven, unfair inopia, ae: lack inrumpo, inrumpere, inrupi, inreuptum: burst in insignis, e: distinguished, prominent inspicio, inspicere, inspexi, inspectum: to look into or upon integer, integra, integrum: whole, untouched intercludo, intercludere, interclusi, interclusum: to shut off, block, stop interim: meanwhile invitus, a, um: unwilling item: likewise
Iuppiter, Iovis (m.): Jupiter (king of the gods) iuvenis, is: a youth, young man
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**L** labor, labi, lapsus sum: collapse, slip laetus, a, um: happy, joyful legatus, i: legate, envoy, ambassador liberi, liberorum (m. pl.): children
Livius, i: Titus LIvius (a Roman historian) lumen, luminis (n.): light
**M** magicus, a, um: magical magistratus, us: magistracy, magistrate
Medusa, ae: Medusa (a mythological character) memini, meminisse (defective verb): remember, be mindful of memor, (gen. memoris): mindful memoro (1): mention, bring up mentior, mentiri, mentitus sume: tell a lie mergo, mergere, mersi, mersum: plunge, sink meritus, a, um: deserved, due modo: just, merely, only monstrum, i: monster morior, mori, mortuus sum: to die multitudo, multitudinis (f.): crowd, multitude munio, munire, munivi, munitum: build, fortify murus, i: wall
**N** nanciscor, nancisci, nactus sum: acquire, get, obtain naturalis, e: natural, by birth necessarius, a, um: necessary, inevitable nefas (indeclinable, neuter): evil, wrong negotium, ii: business
Neptunus, i: Neptune (god of the sea) nobilis, e: noble non modo…sed etiam: not only…but also nondum: not yet novissimus, a, um: most recent, last numen, numinis (n.): nod, consent, will (divine) nuntius, i: messenger, message
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**O** ob (+acc.): because of, on account of obliviscor, oblivisci, oblitus sum: forget obsecro (1): beseech, beg obtineo, obtinere, obtinui, obtentum: hold, obtain occido, occidere, occidi, occisum: to kill occupo (1): seize offendo, offendere, offendi, offensum: offend
Olympus, i: Mount Olympus (legendary home to the gods) onus, oneris (n.): burden oppidum, i: town opto (1): wish, desire ora, orae: shore, rim oraculum, i: oracle ordo, ordinis (m.): order, rank orior, oriri, ortus sum: rise, appear
**P** paene: practically, almost patien, (gen. patientis): tolerant, hardy, patient paulo: a little, somewhat pavor, pavoris (m.): panic, terror perduco, perducere, perduxi, perductum: lead through perfero, perferre, pertuli, perlatum: endure, report perfico, perficere, perfeci, perfectum: finish, complete, perfect peritus, a, um: skilled, experience
Perseus, i: Perseus (a mythological Greek hero) perscribo, perscribere, perscripsi, perscriptum: write out perspicio, perspicere, perspexi, perspectum: examine, observe pertineo, pertinere, pertinui, pertentum: pertain, extend pervenio, pervenire, perveni, perventum: come to, arrive pirata, ae: pirate pius, a, um: devoted, dutiful, loyal
Poenus, a, um: Phoenician, Carthaginian, Punic (an ethnic identity)
Pompeius Magnus, Pompeii Magni: Pompey the Great (an erstwhile ally of Caesar) pono, ponere, posui, positum: to put, place pons, pontis (m.): bridge porto (1): carry postquam: after postulo (1): demand
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potestas, potestatis (f.): power potior, potiri, potitum sum: gain possession of praecipio, praecipere, praecepi, praeceptum: direct, advise, order praesertim: especially, particularly praesidium, i: protection, assistance, defense praetereo, praeterire, praeterivi/ii, praeteritum: to go past, skip pravus, a ,um: distorted, crooked, improper proelium, ii: battle prope (+acc): near propinquus, a, um: near, neighboring provincia, ae: province proximus, a, um: next, nearest prudens, (gen. prudentis): prudent, sensible publicus, a, um: public punio, punire, punivi, punitum: to punish
**Q** qualis, e: wht sort of, what kind of quamdiu: how long? quies, quietis (f.): quiet, rest, sleep quo: to where? whither? quomodo: how quotiens: how often?
**R** reddo, reddere, reddedi, redditum: give back redigo, redigere, redegi, redactum: drive back reditus, us: return reficio, reficere, refeci, refectum: repair, restore regia, ae: palace regnum, i: kingdom, reign reliquus, a, um: rest, remaining remitto, remittere, remisi, remissium: send back reor, reri, ratus sum: think, suppose, imagine retineo, retinere, retinui, retentum: holdback restrain reverto, revertere, reverti: to turn back, return (sometime deponent in present) rursus: again, backwards, a second time
**S**
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sacer, sacra, sacrum: sacred, holy
Sallustius, i: Sallust (a Roman historian) sanguis, sanguinis (m.): blood scriba, ae (m.): scribe sedes, sedis: abode, seat senator, senatoris (m.): senator
Seneca, ae: Seneca (Roman philosopher and poet) silva, ae: forest, woods socius, ii: ally sollicitudo, sollicitudinis (f.): worry, care solvo, solvere, solvi, solutum: release, unbind, loosen, untie spatium, ii: space, room species, speciei: appearance, sight speculum, i: looking glass, mirror sponte: voluntarily, of one’s own accord statim: immediately sumo, sumere, sumpsi, sumptum: take up sustineo, sustinere, sustinui, sustentum: sustain, hold (up)
**T** tandem: at lengthem, finally tardus, a, um: slow, late tego, tegere, texi, tectum: conceal, cover, shelter tellus, telluris (f.): earth, ground, land telum, i: weapon, javelin tempto (1): test, try tendo, tendere, tetendi, tentum: extend, proceed, stretch out tergum, i: back terror, terroris (m.): fear, terror trado, tradere, tradidi, traditum: hand across, hand down traduco, traducere, traduxi, traductum: lead across tranquilus, a, um: calm, tranquil transigo, transigere, transegi, transactum: accomplish, finish, pierce, run through trecenti: 300 tribunus, i: tribune; tribunus militum: military tribune tueor, tueri, tuitum: scan, observe, protect tunc: at that time, then turbo (1): disturb, stir up tutus, a, um: safe
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**U** umbra, ae: ghost, shadow umerus, i: shoulder umidus, a, um: moist, damp una (adv): together unda, ae: wave undique: everywhere, on all sides, from all sides usus, usus: application, practice, skill, use uterque, utraque, utrumque: each (of 2), both
**V** vacuus, a, um: empty
Valerius Maximus, Valerii Maximi: Valerius Maximus (a Roman writer) vates, vatis (m.): prophet, seer velut/veluti: just as, even as
Vergilius, ii: Vergil, author of the Aeneid vescor, vesci (+ abl): to feed on, eat vespera, vesperae: evening veto, vetare, vetui, vetitum: forbid, order…not vicus, i: village vix: scarcely, hardly volo (1): to fly (do not cofuse with volo, velle) volvo, volvere, volvi, volutum: roll vulnero (1): hurt, wound
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