CLASS 12b
LECTIO XIII
GRAMMATICA, REDDITA
Gerunds and Gerundives
Gerunds
a verbal noun, often the same as an English language noun ending in –ing, but can
usually be translate with the infinitive
the gerund is used often in Medieval Latin, commonly after the preposition ad to
express purpose
ad levandum redditus
to collect the rent
studium vivendi cum amicis
Operam dat vivendo bene
fondness for living with friends
he gives attention to living well
The gerund is declined in the four oblique cases of the neuter singular
laudandi
ducendi
sequendi
audiendi
laudando
ducendo
sequendo
audiendo
laudandum
ducendum
sequendum
audiendum
laudando
ducendo
sequendo
audiendo
of praising
for leading
following
by hearing
Gerundives
Verbal adjective ending in –ndus, -nda, -ndum etc.
Oblique neuter singular forms are identical to the gerund
… confirmavi preditum croftum habendum er tenendum Alicie
I have confirmed the aforementioned croft to be had and to be held to Alice
Pronouns
Personal
ego, mei, michi, me, me
tue, tui, tibi, te, te
nos, nostri, nobis, nos, nobis
vos, vestri, vobis, vos, vobis
Demonstrative
is, eius, ei, eum, eo -- ei, eorum, eis, eos, eis
ea, eius, ei, eam, ea -- eae, earum, eis, eas, eis
id, eius, ei, id, eo -- ea, eis, eis, ea, eis
Irregular Verbs
Verbs that are formed from more than one stem and
whose tenses differ in form from regular conjugations
sum, possum
Deponent Verbs
Verbs are generally passive in form but active in meaning
testor, testatus
Adverbs
Mostly formed from adjectives
add –e to the stem
latus to late
add –iter to the stem laudabilis to laudabiliter
THIRD CONJUGATION
VERBS
• Translate:
– Juratores dicunt quod omnia bene
• How is the imperfect formed?
• How is the future formed?
• How is the perfect formed?
FOURTH CONJUGATION
VERBS
• The present stem ends in what?
• Otherwise they are similar in form to
verbs of which conjugation?
• Translate:
– Et super hoc venit predictus Johannes in
eamdem curiam et cepit de domino predicta
crofta tenenda sibi et heredibus suis
FUTURE PERFECT TENSE
• HOW IS IT FORMED?
• HOW DO YOU FIND THE PERFECT
STEM OF A VERB?
INFINITIVE FORMS OF
VERBS
• HOW DO YOU FORM THE PRESENT
ACTIVE INFINITIVE?
• HOW DO YOU FORM THE PERFECT
ACTIVE INFINITIVE?
• HOW DO YOU FORM THE FUTURE
ACTIVE INFINITIVE?
MORE ABOUT VERBS
• WHAT IS THE ACCUSATIVE AND
INFINITIVE CONSTRUCTION?
• WHAT ARE MOODS IN LATIN?
• WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE
BETWEEN ACTIVE AND PASSIVE
VOICES?
Review
Medieval spelling changes (p. x)
ae
to
e
oe
to
e
h
to
ch
ti
to
ci
ct
to
cc
c
to
s
sc
to
ss
ob
to
op
1st Conjugation Present Active Indicative
present stem + personal endings
ara + -o, -s, -t, -mus, -tis, -nt
e.g. aro, arare, aravi, aratus
aro
aramus
aras
aratis
arat
arant
1st Declension Nouns
Nom
regin-a
regine
Gen
regin-e
regin-arum
Dat
regin-e
regin-is
Acc
regin-am
regin-as
Abl
regin-a
regin-is
2nd Declension Masculine Nouns
Nom
domin-us
domin-i
Gen
domin-i
domin-orum
Dat
domin-o
domin-is
Acc
domin-um
domin-os
Abl
domin-o
domin-is
2nd Declension Neuter Nouns
Nom
prat-um
prat-a
Gen
prat-i
prat-orum
Dat
prat-o
prat-is
Acc
prat-um
prat-a
Abl
prat-o
prat-is
4th Declension Feminine Nouns
Nom
man-us
man-us
Gen
man-us
man-uum
Dat
man-ui
man-ibus
Acc
man-um
man-us
Abl
man-u
man-ibus
5th Declension Feminine Nouns
Nom
r-es
r-es
Gen
r-ei
r-erum
Dat
r-ei
r-ebus
Acc
r-em
r-es
Abl
r-e
r-ebus
5th Declension Masculine Nouns
Nom
di-es
di-es
Gen
di-ei
di-erum
Dat
di-ei
di-ebus
Acc
di-em
di-es
Abl
di-e
di-ebus
Adjectives
Must agree with noun they modify in case,
number, and gender
Adjective are of two paradigms;
first and second declension
third declension
1st and 2nd Declension Adjectives
Masc.
Fem.
Neuter
Nom
bonus
bona
bonum
Gen
boni
bone
boni
Dat
bono
bone
bono
Acc
bonum
bonam
bonum
Abl
bono
bona
bono
Nom
boni
bone
bona
Gen
bonorum
bonarum
bonorum
Dat
bonis
bonis
bonis
Acc
bonos
bonas
bonos
Abl
bonis
bonis
bonis
2nd Conjugation Present Active Indicative
present stem + personal endings
tene + -o, -s, -t, -mus, -tis, -nt
e.g. teneo, tenere, tenui, tentus
teneo
tenemus
tenes
tenetis
tenet
tenent
1st Conjugation Perfect Active Indicative
perfect stem + personal endings
arav + -i, -isti, -it, -imus, -istis, -erunt
e.g. aro, arare, aravi, aratus
aravi
aravimus
aravisti
araistis
aravit
araverunt
2nd Conjugation Perfect Active Indicative
perfect stem + personal endings
tenu + -i, -isti, -it, -imus, -istis, -erunt
e.g. teneo, tenere, tenui, tentus
tenui
tenuimus
tenuisti
tenuistis
tenuit
tenuerunt
1st & 2nd Conjugation Future Active
Indicative
present stem + tense sign + personal endings
ara + bi + -o, -s, -t, -mus, -tis, -nt
e.g. aro, arare, aravi, aratus
arabo
arabimus
arabis
arabitis
arabit
arabunt
1st – 4th Conjugation Imperfect Active
Indicative
present stem + tense sign + personal endings
ara + ba + -m, -s, -t, -mus, -tis, -nt
e.g. aro, arare, aravi, aratus
arabam
arabamus
arabas
arabatis
arabat
arabant
3rd Declension Masculine & Feminine Nouns
masc.
fem.
Nom
rex
reg-es
heres
hered-es
Gen
reg-is
reg-um
hered-is
hered-um
Dat
reg-i
reg-ibus
hered-i
hered-ibus
Acc
reg-em
reg-es
hered-em
hered-es
Abl
reg-e
reg-ibus
hered-e
hered-ibus
3rd Declension Neuter Nouns
neuter
Nom
nomen
nomin-a
Gen
nomin-is
nomen-um
Dat
nomin-i
nomin-ibus
Acc
nomen
nomin-a
Abl
nomin-e
nomin-ibus
3rd Declension Adjectives
Masc.
Fem.
Neuter
Nom
omnis
omnis
omne
Gen
omnis
omnis
omnis
Dat
omni
omni
omni
Acc
omnem
omnem
omne
Abl
omni
omni
omni
Nom
omnes
omnes
omnia
Gen
omnium
omnium
omnium
Dat
omnibus
omnibus
omnibus
Acc
omnes
omnes
omnes
Abl
omnibus
omnibus
omnibus
Present Active Participles
present stem + ns (nom. sing.), ntis (gen. sing.)
ara + ns, ara + ntis
e.g. aro, arare, aravi, aratus
Declined as third declension adjective
nom
arans
arantes
gen
arantis
arantium
dat
aranti
arantibus
acc
arantem
arantes
abl
aranti
arantibus
Perfect Passive Participle
4th princilpe part
aratus, -a, -um
e.g. aro, arare, aravi, aratus
Declined as 1st and 2nd declension adjectives
Future Participle
4th principle part
aratus, -a, -um
change –s to –rus, -ra, -rum
araturus, -a, -um
Declined as 1st and 2nd declension adjectives
Ablative Absolute
an ablative construction independent of the grammar
fidelitate facta Johannes admissus est tenens
3rd Conjugation Perfect Active Indicative
perfect stem + personal endings
dix + -i, -isti, -it, -imus, -istis, -erunt
e.g. dico, dicere, dixi, dictus
dixi
diximus
dixisti
dixistis
dixit
dixerunt
Future Perfect Active Indicative
perfect stem + personal endings
tenu + -ero, -eris, -erit, -erimus, -eritis, -erint
e.g. teneo, tenere, tenui, tentus
tenuero
tenuerimus
tenueris
tenueritis
tenuerit
tenuerint
Active Infinitive
Present = 2nd principle part
aro, arare, aravi, aratus
perfect = perfect stem = isse
arav + isse
aravisse
future = future participle + esse
aratu + rus + esse
araturus esse
Passive Infinitive
Present = 2nd principle part, change –re to –ri
arari
3rd conjugation, -i, e.g. tegere to tegi
perfect = 4th principle part + esse
aratus esse
future = 4th principle part (n.) + iri
aratum iri