Introduction to Chemistry
Chem 003A
Spring 2011
Instructor: Brett Williams
Lecture: TTh 6:00 PM-6:55 PM
in Cunningham 319
Laboratory: TTh 7:00 PM-9:55 PM
in Cunningham 301
Two ways to reach me:
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E-mail: balero01@cs.com
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E-mail: bwilliams@deltacollege.edu
Course is comprised of:
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Lectures
Problem Sets
Assigned Homework
Quizzes
Lab Exercises
Lab Experiments
Worksheets
4 Exams and 1 Final Exam
Lectures
Presented on power point slides
 Lecture notes are available in hard copy
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To download files, go to this adjunct faculty
site: www.deltacollege.edu/emp/bwilliams
 Not required for class, but recommended
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Lecture notes complement the
textbook/assignments but attendance
is essential to get all of the information
you need
Problem Sets
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Subsequent to specific lectures
Several practice problems associated with
the current lecture topic
Some problems sets will be covered in class
Some of the problem sets can be submitted
for credit
Problems sets are to assist you (supplement)
with homework assignments in the text
Not every type of chapter problem is
represented on the problem sets
Homework
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Assigned for each chapter
Problems are placed near the beginning of
each power point lecture presentation
All odd numbered answers are placed at
the end of the book
HW will not be collected or graded
HW is not mandatory but if you don’t do
the HW it may affect your performance on
the quizzes
Quizzes
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Five Chapter Quizzes
 20 points each
 No make-ups (generally)
Based on the homework assignments for
that chapter
20-30 minutes long
Given during the first hour
The best 4 of 5 chapter quizzes are used in
your total score
Two Name and Formula Quizzes for
Chapter 5
Other Lab Assignments
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Lab Exercises
 Ten (total) exercises
 10 points each
 Most will originate from your lab textbook
 Some exercises will be provided to you
Worksheets
 Not collected or graded
 To be completed during lab period
 A review to prepare for exams
Experiments
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Ten (total) experiments
20 Points Each
 Labs reports are due in one week, e.g.,
if an experiment is completed on
Tuesday, the report is due the following
week (next Tuesday)
 60 % rule: A student must meet this
minimum score in lab to pass the
course. No exceptions
 The best 9 out of 10 experiments are
used in your total score
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Exams
 Four
exams
Based
on the chapters which
are listed in the syllabus
100 points each
All exams count in total score
Time: 2 hours to complete
Final Exam
 Thursday,
3
May
th
26 ,
Hours
 Cumulative Exam
 200 points
6 PM
Grading Scale
(Based on 1000 possible points)
90.0 - 100 %
75.0 - 89.9 %
60.0 - 74.9 %
50.0 - 59.9%
< 50.0 %
A
B
C
D
F
Required Materials
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Textbook: Introductory Chemistry, 3rd ed. by
Tro
Laboratory Manual: Foundations of
Chemistry in the Laboratory, 13th ed. by
M. Hein, et al
Calculator
Safety Goggles & Lock
Laboratory Policy
No one may participate in lab wearing
open toe / heel shoes. Watch what
you wear on lab days. If you have
inappropriate attire, you will NOT be
allowed to complete the lab
 Goggles must be worn during all lab
experiments
 Your attendance and participation is
expected
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Chapter 1
The
Chemical World
Chemicals Compose Ordinary Things
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Chemistry
 The study of the properties and the behavior of
chemicals (matter)
 The composition, structure, and reactions of
chemicals
 The connection between the properties of a
substance and the properties of the particles
that compose it
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Why does soda pop fizz (effervesce)?
Why is water a liquid?
Why is a sunset red?
All Things Are Made of Atoms and
Molecules
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Matter is defined as anything with mass and
occupies space
The science of chemistry developed from
observations made about the makeup and behavior
of certain kinds of matter
Chemistry focuses on the properties of substances
and the interactions of various types of matter
All things around you are composed of atoms and
atoms bond together to form molecules
All Things Are Made of Atoms and
Molecules
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How atoms are bonded and the types of atoms present
determine the properties of a substance
The makeup and properties of matter are analyzed two
ways:
 Macroscopic: Where observations are made (what we
see)
 Microscopic: The atoms and molecules that compose
matter (atomic level)
How atoms are bonded (spatial arrangement) and the
types of atoms present determine the properties of a
substance
Chemistry helps us to understand the connection
between our world and the world of atoms and molecules
Chemical Processes
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Chemistry occurs around you everyday and affects
everything you use and do
Chemical processes (reactions) occur in nature and
happen around you all of the time
The molecular interactions (microscopic) create your
experience (macroscopic)
Chemistry (reactions) occurs when
 cooking or baking food
 burning wood in a fireplace
 disinfecting swimming pool water with chlorine
 supplying power to a portable radio with batteries
 deicing sidewalks and roads with rock salt
 bleaching stains out of clothing
Chemical Processes
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In nature:
microorganisms convert sugars to
alcohols (fermentation)
 plants (algae and bacteria) convert
carbon dioxide and water plus sunlight
energy into sugar (photosynthesis)
 leaves change color in Autumn due to
the disappearance of chlorophyll and
the interaction of sunlight with the
remaining pigments
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Chemical Processes
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In laboratories / industrial processes:
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crude oil is refined (separated) into gasoline and
other components
synthetic fibers (nylon, polyester, acrylic) are
produced and used to make apparel (textiles),
home furnishings, and other industrial goods
new pharmaceuticals are (designed) synthesized
by organic chemical reactions
water softening is used to remove certain metals
from water for household use
pesticides, fungicides, and herbicides are
produced (synthesized) to protect our food supply
Chemistry and Chemicals
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Everything around you is composed of chemicals
A chemical is a material used or produced in a chemical
process (in the laboratory, in manufacturing, or natural)
A chemical substance (compound) is a material that
consists of a specific chemical composition
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A pure (chemical) substance is one that consists of one type of
matter with the same composition and properties throughout
(two or more bound elements in a fixed ratio)
For example, pure water has the same properties and the same
ratio of hydrogen to oxygen whether it is isolated from a river or
made in a laboratory
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Chemical substances that are commonly used:
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salt, sugar, baking soda, borax, ethanol, soda lye (soap),
vitamin C
Scientific Disciplines
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Science is the study in which humans attempt
to explain knowledge about themselves and
their surroundings
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As more knowledge is gained, facts are organized
and explained, in a systematic and logical manner
Science attempts to understand (better) how
nature works
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Physical evidence is obtained through an
observable occurrence (a phenomenon)
Experiments are conducted to simulate events
under controlled conditions to test explanations and
predictions
Scientific Disciplines
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Science covers an
enormous range of
accumulated information
which is divided into
branches called scientific
disciplines
Chemistry is one of the
branches of physical
science (includes
astronomy, physics,
geology)
Branches of biological
science (natural sciences)
include botany,
microbiology, zoology
The Scientific Method
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Most scientific and technological advances are through the
use of experimentation as a method of problem-solving
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Experimentation is a process that is used to explore
observations and answer questions, i.e., to search for
cause and effect relationships in nature
In general, no two scientist will approach a problem
exactly in the same manner
Scientist (chemists) use a method of learning that
emphasizes observation and experimentation: the
Scientific Method
Within the scientific method are the guidelines for the
practice of science to achieve systematic experimentation
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The Scientific Method
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Scientific Method: A set of procedures (steps)
used to acquire knowledge and explain an
observable fact
The process (steps):
1) Observations: Identify the problem and plan
procedures to obtain information
 Collect Data: Observe, describe, and take
measurements (data)
 Organize data to find patterns in the information
2) Once sufficient data is collected, form a hypothesis
 A hypothesis is a possible model or statement
that offers an explanation for the observations
The Scientific Method
Design an Experiment
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The problem: How, What, When,
Who, Which, Why, or Where?
Research to find the best way to
approach things
Make an educated guess about
how things work:
“If ___ (I do this)___, then___
(this)___will happen.”
Your hypothesis should be stated
in a way that is measurable to
help answer your original question
Test your hypothesis by doing an
experiment
Design the experiment so that
changes in one item causes
something else to vary in a
predictable way
The Scientific Method:
Hypothesis, Theory, Law
3) Experiments: A well-defined, controlled procedure to
obtain information
 To validate the hypothesis perform more
experiments
 If an experiment is performed under exactly the
same conditions, the same results (facts) should
occur
 If results are different than predicted, modify or
propose a new hypothesis
4) Theory
 A hypothesis that has been tested and validated
over a long period of time
 Hypothesis evolves to theory if experiments are
repeated and confirm the hypothesis
The Scientific Method:
Hypothesis, Theory, Law
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If after extensive testing
the reliability of a
hypothesis becomes very
high, it will evolve into a
theory
A theory allows a scientist
to predict the outcome of
proposed experiments
If results of future
experiments conflict with
the current theory it must
either be modified,
restated, or even
replaced
The Scientific Method:
Hypothesis, Theory, Law
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After determining what facts are
known about a selected problem,
more experimentation is performed
to obtain more information
As more facts are obtained, look
for repeating patterns among the
collected facts
If a large number of facts are tied
together, it can eventually lead to a
single generalized statement called
a scientific law
Law: A concise, verbal statement
that summarizes facts about a
natural phenomenon
Using the Scientific Method
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In Summary:
Identify the problem and plan procedures to obtain
information
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Collect data through observation and experimentation
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Qualitative: Do not involve a number
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Quantitative: Involve measurements
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Analyze and organize the data to summarize
observations (form generalizations)
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Suggest probable explanations (form a hypothesis)
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Experiment further to prove or disprove the proposed
explanations
ExampleII
Example
Topic: Does the amount of sunlight a
tomato plant receives affect the size of the
tomatoes?
 You have observed the plants in the
garden exposed to more sunlight appear
to grow larger
 Your hypothesis: “The more sunlight a
tomato plant receives, the larger its
tomatoes will grow.”
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Example
ExampleII
Your hypothesis is based on the fact that
tomato plants need sunshine to produce
sugar (by photosynthesis) and bear fruit
 You observe that the tomato plants
exposed to more sunlight appear to grow
larger
 You set up an experiment with two sets of
plants. Both receive the same care with
one set exposed to more sunlight
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Example I
Collect your data and summarize your
results
 Conclusion: The hypothesis is supported
by the data or it can be rejected (not
supported by the data)
 The hypothesis cannot be proven with one
experiment
 However, the original hypothesis can be
supported by the collected data
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ExampleIIII
Example
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Topic: You have probably noticed
(observed) that soda pop fizzes
(bubbles) when the bottle is opened.
Step 1: State the problem. Why does
soda pop fizz?
Step 2: Gather information (data)
 Examine soda pop’s properties
 Its color, taste, etc.
 It bubbles/fizzes when opened
 Examine soda’s composition
Example II
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Step 3: Organize the information (data)
 All the material around you is composed
of chemicals
 Soda’s composition: The three main
chemical ingredients of soda pop are
water, sugar, and carbon dioxide
sugar = sweetness
water = liquid
carbon dioxide = gas
Example II
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Step 4: Look for patterns
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Structure determines properties, so the fizzing of
soda must have something to do with its
composition
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Carbon dioxide, a component of the soda
(carbonated beverages), is a gas
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We know that:
 If
we blow air (a gas) into water, bubbles form.
 When
water boils it forms bubbles (into steam)
 Bubbles
are similar to those of bubbling soda.
Example II
Step 5: Propose a hypothesis
 Based on the fact that the only gas in
soda is carbon dioxide:
“The reason soda pop fizzes is because
the carbon dioxide is coming out of the
soda.”
 Step 6: Test your hypothesis
 How would you set up an experiment to
test it?
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Benefits to Studying Chemistry
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To further understand our world and its impact on our
daily living (health care, natural resources,
environmental protection, food supply)
Provides a better understanding of other areas of
modern science and technology
Enhances problem-solving skills
 The ability to solve complicated chemistry problems
can be applied to other types of problem-solving
Facilitates your development of a systematic approach
to scientific thought (logical, analytical)
 The scientific thought process also develops your
ability to predict future events based on patterns of
behavior
A Beginning Chemist: How to Succeed
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Some memorization is required:
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Learn the terms (vocabulary)
Ask about something that occurs in nature: How,
what, when, who, why, which, or where?
Calculation is required:
 Problem solving will include conceptual checkpoints,
sample problems, and student exercises
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Commitment: Use active learning by reading the
text, regularly attending class and practicing
“problem solving”
In-class activities include problem sets, exercises
Learning Chemistry
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Develop your own study plan
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Do the recommended problems
Your confidence and problem solving skills
are enhanced through repetition
Don’t expect to grasp every concept the first
time you see it
Read the text, come to class
Ask questions
Homework
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“Conceptual Checkpoint 1.1” (a, b, c, d)
“Checkpoints” succeed certain chapter sections
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“Exercises”
1-13 (odd only)
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“Problems”
15-19 (odd only)