13.5 week study guide
December 6th, 2013
Brainteaser#38: 12-6-13
1. Name the four stages of Athenian
government?
2. Where is Rome located?
3. Describe the Byzantine Culture?
4. Baghdad fell to what group of people?
5. Charlemagne built what to unite the empire?
• Monarchy, Aristocracy, Tyranny and Democracy
• It centrally located in the Mediterranean basin and distant
from the eastern Mediterranean powers
• Continued flourishing of Greco-Romans traditions, Greek
language (as contrasted with Latin in the west, Greek or
Eastern Orthodox Christianity and Greek and Roman
knowledge preserved in Byzantine libraries
• The Mongols
• Schools, Roads, and churches
13.5 week study guide(5a)
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Aegean Sea
Macedonia to the north=Philip and Alexander
Limited
Hellenistic
Barter economy
City-states
Civic
Colonization
5b
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Page 2
Polytheistic Religion
Explanations, human qualities
Life events
Zeus
Hera
God of music, healing, property: Apollo
5c
• Free male adults
• Women and Foreigners
1. Monarchy
2. Aristocracy
3. Tyranny
4. Democracy
Solon=began of democracy
5c
1. Direct democracy-all citizens participate
2. Public debate-in the agora
3. Duties of the citizen
Small
Social
militaristic
5d
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499-449
Sparta
Aegean
Athens
431-404
Delian
Peloponnesian
Political=sets the stage for the Macedonian
Invasion
5e
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Democracy
Equal
Persian
Parthenon=temple to honor Athena
5f
• Drama: Aeschylus, Sophocies
• Poetry: Homer(Illad and Odyssey)
• History Herodotus( Father of History),
Thucydides( History Repeats itself)
• Sculpture: Phidias
• Types of columns: Doric(plain), Ionic(little
more elaborate) and Corinthian(very
elaborate)
5f
• Science: Archimedes(Lever),
Hippocrates(Father of Medicine)
• Mathematics: Euclid, Pythagoras( Pythagorean
theorem)
• Philosophy: Socrates(questions?), Plato( the
Academy) and Aristotle.
5g
• Philip II, King of Macedon, conquered most of
Greece
• Alexander the great
Established an empire from Greece to Egypt and
the margins of India
Extended Greek cultural influences
Hellenistic Age: Blend of Greek and Oriental
elements
Spread of Hellenistic culture through trade
6a
• Rome: Centrally located in the Mediterranean
Basin and distant from eastern Mediterranean
powers
• Italian Peninsula
• Alps: Protection
• Mediterranean Sea: Protection, sea-borne,
trade
6b
• Roman Mythology
• Based on the Greek Polytheistic Religion
• Explanations of natural phenomena, Human
qualities and life events
• Roman gods and goddesses:
• Jupiter(King of the Gods), Juno( His wife),
Apollo(God of the sun), Diana(Goddess of the
hunt), Minerva(Goddess of Wisdom),
Venus(Goddess of Beauty)
6b
• Symbols and images in Literature, art and
architecture
6c
Social Structure in the Roman Republic:
• Patricians: Powerful nobility of Rome(Few in
number)
• Plebeians: Majority of population
• Slaves: Not based on Race
Citizenship: Patrician and Plebeian men,
Selected foreigners, Rights and Responsibilities
of citizenship(ex. Taxes, Military service)
6c
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Representative Democracy-Elected officials
Assemblies
Senate( Law making body of Rome)
Consuls( two ruled together, Head of gov’t,
Ruled the army and directed the gov’t, one
consul could veto the other
• Laws of Rome codified as Twelve Tables
6d
• Punic Wars: Rome v. Carthage( 264-146 B.C)
Rome and Carthage were in competition for
Trade
Hannibal invaded the Italian Peninsula
Three wars resulted in Roman Victory, the
destruction of Carthage and expanded trade and
wealth for Rome
6d
Evolution of the Roman Empire and spread of
Roman culture:
• Mediterranean Basin( Africa, Asia, Europe,
including the Hellenistic world of the eastern
Mediterranean)
• Western Europe(Gaul, British Isles)
6e
• Causes for the decline of the Roman Republic:
• Spread of slavery in the agricultural system
• Migration of small farmers into cities and
unemployment
• Civil war over the power of Julius Caesar
• Devaluation of roman currency: inflation
6f
• The origin and evolution of Imperial Rome
• First Triumvirate( Caesar, Crassus, Pompey)
• Julius Caesar: Seizure of Power, assassination
by senate, ides of march, senate were afraid of
his power
• Augustus Caesar: Civil War, defeat of Marc
Anthony, Rome’s first emperor
• Empire: Unified and enlarged, using imperial
authority and the military
6f
• Failure to provide for peaceful succession of
Emperors.
6g
• The Pax Romana:
• Two hundred years of peace and prosperity
under imperial rule
• Expansion and solidification of the Roman
empire, particularity in the near east
6g
Economic impact of the Pax Romana
• Established uniform system of money, which
helped to expand trade
• Guaranteed safe travel and trade on Roman
Roads
• Promoted prosperity and stability
6g
Social impact of the Pax Romana
• Returned stability to social classes
• Increased emphasis on the family
Political impact of the Pax Romana
• Created a civil service
• Developed a uniformed rule of law
6h
Christianity:
• Had its roots in Judaism
• Was led by Jesus of Nazareth, who was
proclaimed the Messiah( Jesus the founder of
Christianity)
• Conflicted with Polytheistic beliefs of Roman
Empire
6h
Beliefs, traditions, and customs of Christianity:
• Monotheism
• Jesus as both son and incarnation of God
• Life after death
• New testament, containing accounts of the life
and teachings of Jesus, as well as writings of early
Christians
• Christian doctrines established by early church
councils
6h
Spread of Christianity:
• Popularity of the message: gave hope to all
people including women
• Early Martyrs inspired others
• Carried by the Apostles, including Paul
throughout the Roman Empire
6i
• Impact of the Church of Rome in the late Roman
Empire
• The Emperor Constantine_________________
converted to Christianity and made it legal.
• Christianity later became the official state religion.
• The Church became a source of ____Moral__________
authority.
• Loyalty to the Church became more important than
loyalty to the _________Emperor_______.
• The Church became the main unifying force of
______Western_______ Europe
6j
• Contributions of ancient Rome
• Art and ___Architecture_______________: Pantheon,
Colosseum, Forum
• Technology: Roads, aqueducts, Roman arches
• Science: Achievements of Ptolemy
• Medicine: Emphasis on public ___Health_________ (public
baths, public water systems, medical schools)
• Language: Latin, Romance languages
• Literature: Virgil’s _Aeneid_____________
• Religion: Roman mythology; adoption of Christianity as the
imperial religion
• Law: The principle of “_____Innocent_____________ until
proven ______Guilty_______” (from the Twelve Tables)
6k
• Causes for the decline of the Western Roman Empire
• _____Geographic________ size: Difficulty of defense and
administration
• Economy: The cost of ___Defense___________, and
devaluation of Roman currency
• Military: Army membership started to include
_________Non-Romans_________, resulting in decline of
discipline
• _____Moral________ decay: People’s loss of faith in Rome
and the family
• Political problems: Civil conflict and weak administration
• Invasion: Attacks on borders
6k
• Division of the Roman Empire
• Move of the capital by Constantine from Rome to
_________Byzantium________, renaming it
Constantinople
• Survival of the Western Roman Empire until 476
A.D. (C.E.), when it ceased to have a Roman
Emperor
• _____Eastern________ Roman Empire (Byzantine
Empire)
7a
• Protection of the ______________eastern
Frontier_________________
• Distance from ___________Germanic
Invasions_______________________ in the
western empire
• Crossroads of trade
• Easily fortified site on a peninsula bordered by
________Natural Harbors___________________
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7a
• Role of Constantinople
• Seat of the _Byzantine Empire____until
_________Ottoman__ conquest
• Preserved classical __Greco-Roman________
culture
• Center of trade
7b
• Codification of _Roman__________
_______Law____ (impact on European legal
codes)
• Reconquest of former
______Roman_____territories
• Expansion of _____Trade______
7c
• Inspiration provided by Christian religion and
imperial power
• Icons (religious images)
• Mosaics in public and religious structures
• Hagia Sophia (a Byzantine domed church)
7c
• Byzantine culture
• Continued flourishing of
_______________GrecoRoman__________________ traditions
• _____Greek______ language (as contrasted with
Latin in the West)
• ________Greek Orthodox Christianity or Eastern
Orthodox_________________________
• ____Greek_______ and ___Roman________
knowledge preserved in Byzantine libraries
7d
• Eastern Church
• Centered in Constantinople
• Close to seat of power after Constantinople
became capital
• Use of Greek Language
7d
• Western Church
• Centered in __Rome_________
• Farther from seat of power after
______Constantinople_______________
became capital
• Use of __Latin_________ language in the
liturgy
7d
• Division between Western and Eastern Churches
• Authority of the Pope___________ eventually
accepted in the _West__________
• Authority of the
____Patriarch__________________ accepted in
the East
• Practices such as ____Celibacy_______
eventually accepted in the West
7e
• Influence of Byzantine culture on Eastern Europe
and Russia
• Trade routes along the black and Baltic seas
• Adoption of Orthodox Christianity by Russia and
eastern Europe
• Adoption of Greek alphabet for the Slavic
languages by ST. Cyril
• Church Architecture and religious art
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8a
• Origins of Islam
• __________Muhammad____________, the
Prophet
• ___Mecca________ and ______Medina_____
on the Arabian Peninsula: Early Muslim cities
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8a
• Spread of Islam
• Across Asia and ____Africa_______ and into
_Spain__________
• Geographic extent of first Muslim empire
8a
• Beliefs, traditions, and customs of Islam
• _______Monotheism______: Allah (Arabic word
for God)
• _____________Quran(Koran)____: The word of
God
• ______Five_____ ___Pillars________ of Islam
• Acceptance of Judeo-Christian prophets,
including ___Moses________ and
______Jesus_____
8b
• Geographic influences on the origin and spread
of Islam
• Diffusion along trade routes from
___Mecca________ and _____Medina______
• Expansion despite great distances,
__Desert_________ __________Environments__
, and ______Mountain_____ barriers
• Spread into the ________Fertile Crescent___
_____, Iran, and Central Asia facilitated by weak
Byzantine and Persian empires
8b
• Geographic influences on economic, social,
and political development
• Political unity of the first _____Muslim______
____Empire_______ was short-lived.
• ____Arabic_______ language spread with
Islam and facilitated __Trade_________ across
Islamic lands.
• _______Slavery____ was not based on
___Race________.
8c
• Historical turning points
• Death of Ali: Sunni/Shia Division(over who
should be in charge of Islam
• Muslim Conquests of Jerusalem and Damascus
• Islamic Capital moved to Baghdad
• Muslim defeat Battle of Tours
• Fall of Baghdad to the Mongols
8d
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Cultural contributions and achievements
Architecture: Dome of the Rock
Mosaics
Arabic Alphabet
Universities
Translations of Ancient texts into Arabic
8d
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Scientific contributions and achievements
Medicine
Astronomy
Numbering System with zero
Algebra
Expansion of Geographic Knowledge
9a
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Foundations of early medieval society
Classical Heritage of Rome
Christian Beliefs
Customs of Germanic Tribes
9a
• Influence of the Roman Catholic Church
• __________Secular Authority___________ declined,
while Church authority grew.(gov’t and church)
• _____Monasteries______ preserved Greco-Roman
cultural achievements.
• Missionaries carried Christianity and ____Latin______
___Alphabet_________ to Germanic tribes.
• The Pope anointed ________Charlemagne___ Emperor
in 800 A.D. (C.E.)
• Parish priests served religious and social needs of the
people.
9b
• Feudal society during the Middle Ages
• Fiefs-Land given by the lord
• Vassals/ knights- Receives the fief for military
service
• Serfs- Laborer bound to the land
• Feudal Obligations- contracts service for
protection
9b
• Manorial system during the Middle Ages
• Rigid class structure
• Self- sufficient Manors
9c
• Age of Charlemagne
• ____________Franks(French)______ emerged as a force in
Western Europe.
• The ____Pope_______ crowned the Emperor.
• Power of the ___Church________ was established in
political life.
• ______Roman_____ culture was reinterpreted.
• Most of _____Western Europe_________________ was
included in the new empire.
• _____Churches______, ___Roads________, and
______Schools_____ were built to unite the empire.
9d
• Areas of settlement
• _______Angles______ and _____Saxons__________
migrated from continental Europe to England.
• ________________Magyars_____ migrated from
Central Asia to Hungary.
• ________Vikings_____ migrated from Scandinavia to
Russia.
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9d
• Influence of the Angles, Saxons, Magyars, and
Vikings
• Manors with castles provided protection from
invaders, reinforcing the feudal system
• Invasions disrupted trade, towns declined, the
feudal system was strengthened