BIOLOGY STAAR CAMP
2015
•Please understand that this seems
boring and like a waste of your time,
•but I care about each one of you and
I want you to be successful on this
test so that you can graduate.
• It will only be harder for you to pass
the test the longer you are not in the
class learning about it. So, try your
hardest now!!!!
B.4.A
Compare and contrast
prokaryotic and
eukaryotic cells
Prokaryotic cell
• Prokaryotic cells have no
nucleus or membrane bound
organelles
• Does have DNA just not inside a
nucleus
• Only the Bacteria
kingdom
has Prokaryotes
Bacteria or Monera Cell
• Notice the DNA
inside the cell. It
is scattered and
not contained in a
nucleus.
• PRO-NO
• PRO-NO
• PRO-NO
• PRO-NO
Eukaryote
• Has a nucleus and
membrane bound
organelles
• You are a Eukaryote
• All the kingdoms are
Eukaryote except bacteria.
• So, Protista, Fungi,
Plantae, and Animalia
Examples of Eukaryote
Cells
Animal Cell
Plant
Cell
Protista Cell
• 1. Both euglena and
cyanobacteria are
photosynthetic, unicellular
organisms found in pond
water. The feature that
distinguishes euglena from
cyanobacteria is the —
•
•
•
•
A
B
C
D
ability to maintain homeostasis
presence of ribosomes
ability to reproduce
presence of a nuclear membrane
2. Scientists determined that
organisms of the genus
Spinoloricus were eukaryotes
and not prokaryotes because
Spinoloricus cells have —
A
B
C
D
flagella
hereditary material
cell walls
nuclear membranes
Under a microscope, a
series of cells are observed
that lack membrane-bound
internal organelles. Which
of these is the most likely
cell type?
•
A Plant cell
•
B Animal cell
•
C Eukaryotic cell
•
D Prokaryotic cell
3.
4. The drawing below represents an organism
that a student observed when examining a
sample
of pond water with a light microscope.
What should the student classify
this organism as?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Plant
Prokaryotic Cell
Eukaryotic cell
Bacteria Cell
4.B Homeostasis
https://www.youtube.com/feature/player_detailpage&v=AIpdl11Kxyo
“Yo Yo, Homeo” Balance is what is up
 Maintaining a stable internal environment
even when the outside environment
changes.

Cell Membrane is what regulates
homeostasis by allowing material to
go in and out

“Bouncer” at a club
Picky about what
enters and leaves.
“Selectively
Permeable”
Permeable means to
go through
The Cell Membrane- It is made of two
layers of waxy lipids (fats) that repel
water. This is called the Phospholipid
bylayer. It also has proteins and
carbohydrates sticking out of it. The
model for the cell membrane is called
the fluid mosaic model.
4.B Homeostasis
Cell Transport Passive transport
Requires no energy or
ATP.
Passive transport uses
Diffusion and
Osmosis.
High Concentration to
Low Concentration
Diffusion
 Moves Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide from high


concentration to an area of low concentration.
The cell membrane is selectively permeable to
allow Diffusion and homeostasis (stable
balance)
Diffusion helps maintain equilibrium.
osmosis
Is the movement of water molecules from
high concentration to an area of low
concentration
 “Moses” the parting of the red sea
 Hypotonic solution
 Hypertonic solution
 Isotonic

3 Types of solutions for your cells.

1. Hypotonic
solution
“hypo=hippo”water
moves in, cell will
swell
3. Isotonic solution
Same concentration in
and out so no size
change

2. Hypertonic
solution
“hyper=small
hyper people“
water moves in,
cell will shrink
 YouTube link
 You tube link 2
 Passive link

5. A student puts some drops of
iodine solution into the water in
the beaker shown above. The
water turned yellow. After a
short time, the starch solution
inside the dialysis tubing turned
black. Which function of the cell
membrane was the student
demonstrating?
A. Facilitated diffusion of starch
B. Active transport of hydrogen ions
C. Diffusion through a non-permeable
membrane
D. Diffusion through a semipermeable
membrane
6. The diagram
shows a section of a
cell membrane that
includes a channel
protein. The function
of this protein is to
—
A strengthen the outer boundary of the cell
B connect reproductive cells during fertilization
C allow certain substances to enter or leave the cell
D exchange organelles or chromosomes between
specialized cells
7. The diagram below shows how
a paramecium maintains
homeostasis. A paramecium
normally lives in a hypotonic
environment in which water
continually diffuses into the cell. To
maintain homeostasis, the
paramecium must pump out large
amounts of water using its
contractile vacuole.
If the paramecium is then placed in a
hypertonic environment, which of the following
will occur?
A Water will diffuse into the paramecium.
B Water will diffuse out of the paramecium.
C Salt will be pumped out of the paramecium
by the vacuole.
D Salt will be pumped into the paramecium by
the vacuole.
8. The picture shows a cell model and the solutions
associated with it. In this situation the cell model will —
A gain mass
B Shrink
C increase in solute content
D start to vibrate
• 9. To enter or leave a cell,
substances must pass
through
• a. a microtubule.
• b. the Golgi apparatus.
• c. a ribosome.
• d. the plasma or cell
membrane.
Active Transport
• Sometimes, your cells need to move
things in the opposite direction. It
needs to move things from low to
high. Moving materials against the
concentration gradient requires
energy to do work and is called active
transport. Think of this
• like pushing a rock
• up a hill. It takes
• energy to push it
• from an are of
low to high.
Cells Energy
• The energy the cell uses is ATP.
• ATP is made in the
mitochondria during cellular
respiration.
• It is like a battery that powers
your cell.
Sodium-potassium
Pump
 One example of this is the
sodium-potassium pump. It moves
sodium ions in and out of the cell
and Potassium ions in to the cell.
 The sodium-potassium pump is
critical for your cells. Without it,
sodium would enter our cells and
then water would follow because
of osmosis and our cells would
Endocytosis
• Larger molecules are taken in
by endocytosis, which is the
cell membrane folds around the
molecule and forms a pocket or
vesicle and carries it into the
cell.
Exocytosis
• In exocytosis, the vesicle joins
the cell membrane and then is
removed. This is the opposite of
endocytosis. Think Exit of
waste
Cells Transport Large
Molecules
 Proteins made by ribosomes in a
cell are packaged into transport
vesicles by the Golgi Apparatus.
 Transport vesicles fuse with the
cell membrane and then the
proteins are secreted out of the
cell.
(Example: the protein insulin)
Exocytosis
Multiple Choice Questions
 10. What cell organelle is responsible
for the production of ATP?
 A) chloroplast
 B) nucleus
 C) vesicle
 D) mitochondrion
Multiple Choice Questions
 11. What type of energy does active
transport use?
 A) potential
 B) ATP
 C) kinetic
 D) None of the above
Multiple Choice Question
 12. What does a sodium-potassium pump move into
and out of a cell?
 A) Peanut butter and jelly
 B) Sodium and potassium
 C) The cell membrane
 D) Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide
Photosynthesis!!!!
• Photosynthesis
takes place in the
chloroplasts of
plants, algae, and
some types of
bacteria.
• Plants take CO2 out
of the atmosphere,
and put in O2.
• It makes and
stores energy and
food.
• CO2+H2O C6H12O6+O2
Respiration!!!!
• The “Mighty
Mitochondria” is
the organelle
where cellular
respiration
occurs.
• ATP energy.
• ALL LIVING THINGS
do respiration!!!
• C6H12O6+O2 CO2+H2O
• VIDEO COMPARISON
13 Which of these statements best explains the
process of energy conversion that takes place in
the mitochondria?
F Energy is required for carbon dioxide molecules to
form six-carbon sugar molecules.
G Water molecules and radiant energy are necessary
for anaerobic respiration to take place.
H Oxygen molecules release energy in the form of
heat during combustion reactions.
J The energy in the bonds of glucose molecules is
transferred to the phosphate bonds in
ATP.
14. The gas released in this investigation is ___
A.
B.
C.
D.
Carbon Dioxide
Hydrogen
Nitrogen
Oxygen
A. Photosynthesis
B. Cellular Respiration
C. Fermentation
D. ATP breakdown
16. Where does photosynthesis
take place?
A. Nucleus
B. Chloroplasts
C. Mitochondria
D. Ribosomes
17 Which of the following correctly describes how a
diagram of cellular respiration would differ
from a diagram of photosynthesis?
F The cellular-respiration diagram would show
electromagnetic waves as the final
product.
G The cellular-respiration diagram would show glucose as
the main source of energy.
H The cellular-respiration diagram would show energy
stored in large protein molecules.
J The cellular-respiration diagram would show water as
the main source of chemical
energy.
Synthesis of Molecules
• Protein Synthesis
• DNA is written into mRNA
which is translated into amino
acids linked together to form
the protein.
• Clip on Protein Synthesis
• More for this later!!!!
Compare the structures of viruses to
cells, describe viral reproduction, and
describe the roll of viruses in causing
diseases such as, human
immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and
influenza
!
• Virus video
Cells!
They have organelles like: LIVING THINGS
• Nucleus- (“The Brain”) control
center of the cell that houses
DNA.
• Mitochondria (mighty)- power
house supplies energy in the
form of ATP after respiration.
• Ribosomes (“Ribs”)- makes
proteins (like insulin and
enzymes).
• Vacuole (“Vacuum Cleaner”)stores water and nutrients.
*Larger in plant cells.
• Golgi Apparatus (“FedEx
Man”)- packages and
transports materials in the cell.
• Endoplasmic Reticulum
(“Highway”)- ships and
modifies proteins and fats in
the cell.
• Cell Membrane (“Security
Guard”)- determines what
enters and leaves the cell.
HOMEOSTASIS!
• Cytoplasm (“Jell-O”)- jellylike
substance that holds
organelles in place.
• Lysosomes (“Lysol”)- cleans up
and digests waste inside the
cell.
• Cell Wall (“Bodyguard”)strong and rigid. Protects
plants, bacteria, fungus, and
some protists cells.
• Chloroplasts (“Solar Panels”)
traps sunlight and converts it
into useable energy in plants,
algae, and phytoplankton.
Viruses!
No Organelles, but they do have: NOT LIVING
• Protein coat (capsid)
• DNA or RNA (but not
both)- is the genetic
material.
• Has (“Tail Fibers”) to
anchor to a host cell
*Bacteriophages- attack
bacteria cells
Cells vs. Viruses!
SIMILARITES:
• They both have genetic
material.
• They both contain
protein.
•
•
•
DIFFERENCES:
Cells have a nucleus
and organelles, viruses
DO NOT.
Cells DO NOT require a
host, but viruses do.
Cells are living, viruses
are NOT.
How a virus infects us
Cell Organelles and their jobs
Structure of Virus
18 A photograph of a
virus is shown below.
Projections
The projections on the
surface of this virus
allow the virus to —
A move inside a host cell
B attach to a host cell
C control a host cell’s
DNA
D signal other viruses to
infect a host cell
19 Cold sores are caused by the herpes
simplex virus type 1. A company that wants to
develop
antiviral drugs would ask a research
immunologist to study —
A the mechanism used by the virus to infect
cells
B how closely related the virus is to cold
viruses
C the metabolism of the virus
D meiosis in the virus
Questions?
•
a)
b)
c)
•
a)
b)
c)
•
22.
20.How does a virus differ from a living cell?
Virus is living.
Virus is non-living.
Both.
21.Which one has Tail Fibers?
Virus.
Cell.
Both.
True (a) or False (b)?
A virus contains organelles.
23. A virus like the one pictured below is similar
to a cell in that they both contain
A. Organelles
B. Tail Fibers
C. Genetic Information
D. Cytoplasm
B.5.A Describe the stages
of the cell cycle,
including (DNA)
replication and mitosis.
Why do cells divide?
• Help you grow
• Repair worn out cells
• Replace dead cells (skin
you loose thousands a
day)
• Reproduction (asexual
reproduction)
Cell Cycle Stages
I Pray More At The
Church
• Interphase
• Prophase
• Metaphase
• Anaphase
• Telophase
I Pray More At The
Church
• Interphase= getting ready
to divide cell is growing
and DNA is copying or
replicating.
• Prophase= spindle fibers
from, nuclear membrane
disappears
I Pray More At The Church
• Metaphase=
chromosomes line up in
the middle
• Anaphase=Chromatids
pull away
• Telophase= cell pinches
in forming 2 new cells
MiTOsis
• 2 cells
• Diploid- 2n full set of
chromosomes, in our body
cells that equals 46
chromosomes
• Exact clones
• Makes your body cells NOT
your sex cells
Cancer
• When the cell
cycle is out of
control, masses
called tumors
form
• Immune system
attacking
cancer cell
Mitosis clip
The Cell Cycle
Cytokinesis
• Division of cytoplasm
resulting in 2 daughter
cells
• Plants cells – cytokinesis
begins when new cell
wall forms between the 2
cells called cell plate
• Animal cells – 2 new cells
pinch and pull apart
Replication Sequence
1. Enzymes unwind the helix
2. Enzymes pull apart the DNA molecule
3. Exposed bases attract their
complementary bases
4. Polymerase joins all the nucleotides
together on each new strand
5. Mitosis begins in the cell
We like to eat AT Golden
Corral
• GTG ATG TCA- Original
strand
• CAC TAC AGT- New Strand
• When replication happens A
only pairs with T and C only
pairs with G
Question 24
What is the second stage in the
cell cycle?
A) Telophase
B) Anaphase
C) Prophase
D) Interphase
Question 25
How many sets of chromosomes
are in mitosis daughter cells?
A) 2 sets of chromosomes
B) 3 sets of chromosomes
C) 4 sets of chromosomes
D) 6 sets of chromosomes
Question 26
What are the replication base
pair rules?
A) AC and GT
B) GC and TA
C) TC and AG
D) AG and TC
27. A student looking through a light
microscope saw this cell in cytokinesis. This
cell is most likely from
A a plant
B a virus
C an animal
D a bacterium
28. Which of these must occur during S phase of the
cell cycle so that two daughter cells can be
produced during M phase?
A The DNA must be replicated.
B The chromosomes must be joined.
C The cytoplasm must be separated.
D The cell membrane must be expanded.
29. Which type of molecule is shown below?
30.
31. What is the relationship between photosynthesis and
respiration?
A. There is no relationship between the two processes
B. The products of photosynthesis are the reactants of
respiration .
C. Animals can do both processes.
D. Plants can do respiration, but not photosynthesis
32. When cells leave the cell cycle,
they exit during G1 phase and then
enter G0 phase, a resting period. Most
normal cells can leave G0 phase and
reenter the cell cycle at G1 phase
before entering S phase. Cancer cells
are different because they cannot
enter G0 phase and are likely to do
which of the following?
A Fail to complete S phase
B Repeat the cell cycle continuously
C Mutate during G phase
D Die after completing mitosis