Anatomy & Physiology I
Study Objectives
The Cell Unit
1. Draw a typical eukaryotic animal cell with all the possible organelles; label
each organelle and describe its function.
2. Describe the chemical composition and arrangement of the cell membrane.
3. Discuss the positions and roles of the cell membrane proteins( both integral
and external and internal peripheral).
4. Define and compare tight junctions, desmosomes, and gap junctions.
Describe their importance in the functioning of the cell.
5. Differentiate between passive and active membrane transport mechanisms.
6. Relate cell membrane structure to active and passive transport.
7.
Define each sub-type of passive transport and cite examples of the use of
each of these transport mechanisms.
8. Define each sub-type of active transport and cite examples of the use of each
of these transport mechanisms.
9. Explain the terms: diffusion, osmosis, hypertonic, hypotonic, isotonic.
10. Describe the importance of these terms in fluid and electrolyte balance in
homeostasis. Be able to predict the movement of solutes and water given
concentrations inside and outside the cell.
11. List the four main stages of cell respiration. List the reactants and products as
well as the cellular location of each phase.
12. Contrast the two methods of ATP production in cell respiration: substrate –
level phosphorylation vs. oxidative level phosphorylation. Be able to identify
where all of the 38 ATP’s are made and identify their method of production.
13. Explain the roles of NAD+ and FAD+ in cell respiration.
14. Explain the term “final hydrogen acceptors” and describe their significance in
the cell respiratory process.
15. Contrast aerobic vs. anaerobic respiration.
16. Describe the process of protein synthesis(Central Dogma) by discussing the
following reaction:
DNA-(transcription)..RNA’s(tRNA, mRNA, rRNA)  (translation)
polypeptide chain protein (via coiling, folding, and transport in the
golgi and ER).
17. Describe the role of each type of RNA in the process of protein synthesis and
discuss the importance of complimentary base pairing to the process.
18. Draw and describe the phases of mitosis
19. Sketch a diagram of the cell cycle and explain it
20. State the significance of the process of mitosis in biology
21. Define cancer and compare and contrast benign and malignant tumors.
Include the terms autonomous, anaplastic and metastatic in your discussion
22. Explain what is meant by the stage and grade of a tumor
23. Describe the ultimate cause of cancer and describe the contributing factors:
radiation, chemicals, genetics, and viruses
24. Relate the terms oncogenes and protooncogenes to cancer
25. Describe the possible treatments for cancer. Explain why radiation and
chemotherapy are effective
26. Define the term enzyme. Give examples of enzymes and explain how they are
typically named
27. Explain the phrase “enzyme specificity” both structurally and functionally
28. Describe the role and importance of enzymes in metabolism and homeostasis