Learning Targets 1 - 18
1. I can define communism.
 communism
 In THEORY …
 the common ownership of the means of production and
distribution of wealth
 a system in which goods are owned in common and are
available to all as needed
 produces a classless society
 postulated by Karl Marx 
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2. I can define capitalism.
 capitalism
 In THEORY …
 the private ownership of the means of production and
distribution of wealth


a system in which goods/services are owned/provided by private
individuals
decisions regarding prices, wages, taxes, etc … determined by an
unregulated market
 laws of supply & demand
 laissez faire
 “let alone”, “hands-off”



policy of non-governmental interference
in economic/social life of the nation
postulated by Adam Smith – “The Wealth of Nations” 
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3. I can explain the differences between communism and
Communism.
communism
Communism
 In THEORY …
 the common ownership of
the means of production and
distribution of wealth
 a system in which goods are
owned in common and are
available to all as needed
 produces a classless society
 In PRACTICE …
 system of totalitarian
dictatorships established after
WWII

“heaven”


Stalin’s Soviet Union
Eastern European nations
under Soviet control


Poland, East Germany, Finland,
Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania
Hungary 1956, Czechoslovakia
1968,
 state ownership of property
(socialism)
 human rights/civil liberties
restricted
4
3. I can explain the differences between communism and
Communism.
communism
 In THEORY …
 “heaven”
Communism
 In PRACTICE …
 totalitarianism
5
4. I can analyze why the U.S. was involved in the Cold War.
 Russian Revolution – 1917
 Vladimir Lenin’s protestations:



abolish private property!
repudiate war debts!
spread the revolution over the world!
 free oppressed peoples
 sent shudders throughout imperial capitalists
 set up a race for resources worldwide between capitalist
and communist nations

“The Cold War”
 ideological war of words
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4. I can analyze why the U.S. was involved in the Cold War.
 divergent political system
 USA



multi/two party system
republic (representative democracy)
people rule through their elected representatives
 USSR




one party system
Communist Party
State aim of spreading communist revolution to countries
under imperialist control
totalitarian dictatorship, one party rule
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4. I can analyze why the U.S. was involved in the Cold War.
 divergent economic system
 USA


capitalistic
 free enterprise system
need of raw materials, markets
 imperialistic
 from USSR point of view
 USSR
 socialistic, (communism in name only)
 abolish private property
 major industries “nationalized”: mining, transportation,
manufacturing, etc...
 “nationalized”: placed under governmental control
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4. I can analyze why the U.S. was involved in the Cold War.
 divergent social system
 USA



free, open society
democratic, majority rule
government of laws, not men
 all considered equal before the law
 USSR



authoritarian/totalitarian
government controls all aspects of political, social, economic
life
human rights/civil liberties restricted
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5. I can describe the ways in which the fear of communism
affected the U.S.
 McCarthyism
 named for Senator Joseph
McCarthy , (R) Wisconsin
 the practice of making
unsubstantiated charges
against someone
 charged State Dept & US Army
with containing communist
sympathizers
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5. I can describe the ways in which the fear of communism
affected the U.S.
 1954 –televised Army-McCarthy hearings
 McCarthy charged that one of the Army’s attorneys had ties to
a Communist organization
 Army lawyer Joseph Welch responded with the immortal
lines that ultimately ended McCarthy's career:

"Until this moment, Senator, I think I never really gauged your
cruelty or your recklessness.“
 When McCarthy tried to continue his attack, Welch angrily
interrupted,

“Senator, may we not drop this? We know he belonged to the
Lawyers Guild. Let us not assassinate this lad further, Senator. You've
done enough. Have you no sense of decency, sir? At long last, have
you left no sense of decency?”
 “censured” by his Senate colleagues – 1954
 died in 1957 – age 48
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5. I can describe the ways in which the fear of communism
affected the U.S..
 H.U.A.C
 House Un-American Activities Committee


investigated 43 members of Hollywood film industry
 writers, actors, producers, directors, etc…
wanted to rid Hollywood of suspected Communist influences
 Hollywood Ten
 determined “unfriendly”
 refused to answer questions from H.U.A.C.
 pleaded the 5th Amendment
 right not to be a witness against yourself
 blacklisted
 a list of people condemned for having a Communist background
 careers ruined as they were not hired to work in Hollywood
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5. I can describe the ways in which the fear of communism
affected the U.S..
 H.U.A.C
 the “Hollywood Ten”
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5. I can describe the ways in which the fear of communism
affected the U.S..
17
5. I can describe the ways in which the fear of communism
affected the U.S..
 The following transcript of an excerpt from the interrogation of screenwriter John
Howard Lawson by HUAC chairman J. Parnell Thomas gives an example of an alternative
wording of the question and a sense of the tenor of some of the exchanges:
 Thomas: Are you a member of the Communist Party or have you ever been a member of
the Communist Party?
Lawson: It's unfortunate and tragic that I have to teach this committee the basic
principles of Americanism.
Thomas: That's not the question. That's not the question. The question is—have you ever
been a member of the Communist Party?
Lawson: I am framing my answer in the only way in which any American citizen can
frame his answer to...
Thomas: Then you deny it?
Lawson: ...a question that invades his...absolutely invades his privacy.
Thomas: Then you deny... You refuse to answer that question, is that correct?
Lawson: I have told you that I will offer my beliefs, my affiliations and everything else to
the American public and they will know where I stand as they do from what I have
written.
Thomas: Stand away from the stand...
Lawson: I have written for Americanism for many years...
Thomas: Stand away from the stand...
Lawson: And I shall continue to fight for the Bill of Rights, which you are trying to
destroy.
Thomas: Officer, take this man away from the stand.
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5. I can describe the ways in which the fear of communism
affected the U.S..
 Nuclear Arms Race
 US atomic bombings of Japan – 1945

J. Robert Oppenheimer 
 Director of Manhattan Project
 code name for US effort to build atomic bomb
 “We knew the world would not be the same. A few people
laughed, a few people cried, most people were silent. I
remembered the line from the Hindu scripture, the BhagavadGita... Now, I am become Death, the destroyer of worlds.”
 “Mr. President, I have blood on my hands.”
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5. I can describe the ways in which the fear of communism
affected the U.S..
 Soviet detonation of atomic bomb – 1949
 believed Russia was 3-5 years away from such
development
 Fall of China – 1949
 to Communism
 Mao Zedong

defeats Chaing Kai-Shek
 backed by the US
 thermonuclear/hydrogen bomb/H-Bomb


USA - 1952
USSR – 1953
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5. I can describe the ways in which the fear of communism
affected the U.S..
 Execution of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg
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5. I can describe the ways in which the fear of communism
affected the U.S..
 Execution of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg
 Soviet atomic bomb – September 1949


believed Russia was 3-5 years away from such development
must have had assistance
 Julius and Ethel Rosenberg


minor activists in Communist Party
Jewish heritage
 convicted/executed in electric chair


June, 1953
1st US civilians executed for espionage
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5. I can describe the ways in which the fear of communism
affected the U.S..
 ICBM’s
 intercontinental ballistic missile
 bomb shelters
 stocked with water, canned goods, batteries, etc…
 military spending
 massive sums for nuclear/conventional weapons
 wars: Korea, Vietnam, Cuba
 Duck and Cover
 preparing for nuclear war (like a fire drill)
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5. I can describe the ways in which the fear of communism
affected the U.S..
 Space Race
 Sputnik – 1957

Soviet satellite
 Yuri Gagarin
 first human to journey into outer space - April 1961
 Alan Shepard
 first American to journey into outer space - May 1961
 JFK’s “New Frontier”
 “land a man on the moon and return him to earth before the end of
the decade”
 accomplished July 20, 1969
 emphasis on math and science education
 exclusion of social science education
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6. I can recall the events of the Korean Conflict.
 Korean Conflict
 was described by President Harry S. Truman as a

"police action"
 as it was conducted under the United Nations
 referred to as "The Forgotten War" or "The Unknown War“
 because of the lack of public attention it received
 Korean Peninsula

divided at the 38th parallel - 1945
 USSR control the North
 USA control the South
 elections scheduled for 1948
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6. I can recall the events of the Korean Conflict.
 North Korea invades South Korea – 1950
 Kim Il-Sung

Communist leader of North Korea
Kim Il-Sung
 US believes USSR encouraged
the attack
 United Nations
 Resolution 83
 “police action”
 several nations commit troops

largely US effort
 88% of the 341,000 international soldiers
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6. I can recall the events of the Korean Conflict.
 General Douglas MacArthur
 “rear action” at Inchon
 drives north to near Yalu River

border of China
 assures Truman China won’t get
involved


a fierce anti-Communist
would use occasion to reverse Chinese Communist Revolution
 Truman fears nuclear war with Soviet Union
 detonated atomic bomb in 1949
 Chinese attack U.N. forces!!
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6. I can recall the events of the Korean Conflict.
 war “seesaws” over 38th parallel
 stalemate for most of 3 years
 “armistice” – July, 1953
 a cease fire
 no victor
 country remains divided at 38th parallel
 establish DMZ

“De-Militarized Zone”
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6. I can recall the events of the Korean Conflict.
 Truman/MacArthur Controversy
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6. I can recall the events of the Korean Conflict.
 Truman/MacArthur Controversy
 Truman


limited war for limited objectives
feared escalation to nuclear war
 MacArthur
 fight “total war”
 including nuclear weapons
 opposed Truman policy publicly
 Truman relieves MacArthur of command
 returns home to hero’s welcome
 issue: civilian vs. military authority
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31
7. I can identify Fulgencio Batista and Fidel Castro.
 Fulgencio Batista
 elected President of Cuba from

1940 to 1944
 dictator from 1952 to 1959,
 overthrown by Fidel Castro
 Fidel Castro
 led revolution against U.S. backed military dictatorship
of Batista
 turned Cuba into a one-party socialist state
 nationalized all major industries
 socialist reforms undertaken in all areas of society
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“I believe that there is no country in the world including
any and all the countries under colonial domination,
where economic colonization, humiliation and
exploitation were worse than in Cuba, in part owing to
my country's policies during the Batista regime. I
approved the proclamation which Fidel Castro made in
the Sierra Maestra, when he justifiably called for justice
and especially yearned to rid Cuba of corruption. I will
even go further: to some extent it is as though Batista was
the incarnation of a number of sins on the part of the
United States. Now we shall have to pay for those sins. In
the matter of the Batista regime, I am in agreement with
the first Cuban revolutionaries. That is perfectly clear.”
John F. Kennedy to Jean Daniel, October 24, 1963
33
8. I can describe the changes Castro implemented in Cuba.
 Cuba became a one-party state under Communist
Party governance
 central economic planning
 expanded healthcare and education
 state control of the press
 suppression of internal dissent
 “nationalization”
 government takeover of major industries
34
9. I can discuss the Bay of Pigs invasion.
 Bay of Pigs – 1961
 CIA organized invasion of Cuba

in response to Cuban Revolution and …
 “nationalization” of American-owned property
 government take-over


“socialism”
by Cuban “émigrés” and …
 CIA operatives
 begun by Eisenhower

continued by Kennedy
 JFK refused to order “air strike”
35
9. I can discuss the Bay of Pigs invasion.
 Bay of Pigs – 1961
 results:





disaster for US forces/Cuban emigres
moved Castro closer to USSR
JFK seen as “vulnerable”
 in eyes of Soviets
 become more bold
 build Berlin Wall
placement of “defensive” missiles in Cuba
 Cuban Missile Crisis – 1962
some suggest rogue members of CIA upset with JFK
 implicated in his assassination - 1963
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10. I can describe the Cuban Missile Crisis.
 Cuban Missile Crisis – October 1962
 U-2 Reconnaissance planes discover ballistic missiles in
Cuba

violation of Monroe Doctrine
 JFK orders “quarantine”



a blockade of Cuba
intercept approaching ships carrying missiles
orders missiles removed
 a stand-off with Soviet Union

fear nuclear war
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40
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10. I can describe the Cuban Missile Crisis.
 Cuban Missile Crisis – October 1962
 results:



Soviets honor blockade
remove missiles
 in return for promise not to invade Cuba
 remove US missiles in Turkey
Soviets begin build-up of nuclear forces
 avoid inferior position in future
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11. I can describe the role of various U.S. Presidents in the
Vietnam War.
 Harry S. Truman – 1945-1953
 $10 million to France – May 1950

aid in regaining “Indochina”
 50 military advisors – August 1950
 wants France to join N.A.T.O.

European alliance to thwart Soviet expansion
 China “falls” to Communism in 1949
 Issue:


U.S. fights WW II to end colonialism
Communist expansion causes U.S. to aid French colonialism
to resist Soviet/Chinese expansion
44
11. I can describe the role of various U.S. Presidents in the
Vietnam War.
 Dwight D. Eisenhower – 1953 – 1961
 continues aid to Vietnam

$60 million
 Dien Bien Phu - 1954




French fortress/airstrip
laid siege by Vietminh
Ike refuses air support
 Korean Conflict ongoing
France’s “Waterloo”
 final defeat
 plan to leave
45
11. I can describe the role of various U.S. Presidents in the
Vietnam War.
 Dwight D. Eisenhower – 1953 – 1961
 Dien Bien Phu - 1954
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11. I can describe the role of various U.S. Presidents in the
Vietnam War.
 Dwight D. Eisenhower – 1953 – 1961
 Geneva Accords - 1954



divide Vietnam at 17th parallel
 Ho Chi Minh in North
 Ngo Dinh Diem in South
nationwide elections in 1956
 choose government for all of Vietnam
 French plan to leave Vietnam
1956
 elections canceled in South
 fear Ho Chi Minh victory
47
11. I can describe the role of various U.S. Presidents in the
Vietnam War.
 John F. Kennedy – 1961-1963
 increase aid to South Vietnam

16,000 military advisers
 “counter-insurgency”
 clandestine raids into North Vietnam
 sabotage communication/transportation
networks
 Assassination of Ngo Dinh Diem
 policies of repression, corruption
 loses support of people
 undertaken by S.V.N Generals
 question of Kennedy’s involvement
48
11. I can describe the role of various U.S. Presidents in the
Vietnam War.
 Lyndon B. Johnson – 1963-1969
 continue policy of economic
assistance of previous Presidents
 Gulf of Tonkin Incident - 1964

Resolution
 “… for all necessary action to protect our
Armed Forces“
assured that "the United States ... seeks no
wider war"
 Operation Rolling Thunder - 1964
 massive bombing campaigns of
North Vietnam
 designed to bring to bargaining table
49
11. I can describe the role of various U.S. Presidents in the
Vietnam War.
 Lyndon B. Johnson – 1963-1969
 combat troops arrive – 1965

reach peak of 565,000 in 1968
 Tet Offensive – 1968
 Vietnamese New Year
 North launches military strikes all
over South Vietnam
 U.S. Embassy in Saigon
 United States’ “Waterloo”
 been told were “winning” the war
 energized anti-war movement
 caused reversal of U.S. policy
 Johnson “abdicates”
 does not seek re-election!
50
11. I can describe the role of various U.S. Presidents in the
Vietnam War.
 Richard Nixon
 “Vietnamization”




“de-escalation”
continue aid in money & equipment
gradually withdraw US troops
shift burden of fighting from US to SVN troops
 Invasion of Cambodia – April 1970




halt advance on “Ho Chi Minh Trail”
undertaken secretly (w/o informing Congress)
unsuccessful (weakens Cambodian government)
 rise of Khmer Rouge
sets off anti-war movement in the US (Kent State)
51
11. I can describe the role of various U.S. Presidents in the
Vietnam War.
 Richard Nixon
 tested “Vietnamization” policy by …


… invading Laos – 1971
mixed results
 peace negotiations
 secret talks in Paris – 1969-1972
 cease fire – October – 1972
 Peace – January – 1973
 South Vietnam to determine own future
 release of all American POW’s
 withdrawal of all US forces
 North Vietnam invades/defeats South Vietnam
 Vietnam re-unified - 1975
52
12. I can identify Ngo Dinh Diem and Ho Chi Minh.
 Ngo Dinh Diem
 leader of government of South
Vietnam
 anti-colonialist
 anti-communist
 Catholic

restricted Buddhist practices
 corrupt, oppressive rule
 alienated much of population
 canceled elections 1956
 feared Ho victory
53
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12. I can identify Ngo Dinh Diem and Ho Chi Minh.
 Ho Chi Minh
 Vietnamese nationalist
 leader of Vietnam independence
movement

Vietminh vs. Vietcong
 defeated Japanese forces at end of
WW II
 declares Vietnamese independence


September, 1945
using who’s words?
 both the George Washington &
Thomas Jefferson of Vietnam

led revolutionary forces, declared independence!
 oh, almost forgot, a communist! Ask why?
55
13. I can explain how the U.S. got involved in the Vietnam War.
 Let’s skip this one as it is explained in the next several
targets …
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14. I can analyze the events of the Gulf of Tonkin.
 Gulf of Tonkin Incident – August - 1964
 U.S.S. Maddox


American destroyer attacked by North Vietnam in Tonkin
Gulf
much confusion surrounding the details
 an “apparent” 2nd attack on U.S.S C. Turner Joy
 some suggest US precipitated/exaggerated the attack
 LBJ asks Congress for power to take …
 Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
 “all necessary measures to repel any armed attack
against the forces of the United States and to prevent
further aggression.”
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15. I can discuss the My Lai Massacre.
 My Lai Massacre – March 1968
 mass murder of unarmed South Vietnamese civilians
 between 347 and 504 villagers
 included women, men, children, and infants
 women gang-raped & bodies mutilated
 26 U.S. soldiers were initially charged
 Lieutenant William Calley


guilty of killing 22 villagers
sentenced to life imprisonment
 served three and a half years under house arrest
61
15. I can discuss the My Lai Massacre.
 My Lai Massacre – March 1968
 three U.S. servicemen who had tried to halt the
massacre and protect the wounded were initially
denounced by several U.S. Congressmen as traitors

Warrant Officer Hugh Thompson, Jr.
 helicopter pilot
 received hate mail and death threats and found
mutilated animals on their doorsteps
 were later widely praised and decorated by the Army for
their heroic actions
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16. I can discuss the Kent State shooting.
 Kent State University – May 1970
 4 students shot and killed

by Ohio National Guardsmen
 protesting the secret invasion of Cambodia
 inspired “Ohio”

Crosby, Stills, Nash
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17. I can discuss the Pentagon Papers.
 Pentagon Papers
 7,000 page Defense Department document

authorized by Robert McNamara
 Secretary of Defense
 leaked to New York Times by Daniel Ellsberg
 revealed government lies concerning Vietnam

further eroded public support for the Vietnam War
 Daniel Ellsberg
Robert McNamara 
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18. I can describe Napalm and Agent Orange.
 Napalm
 jellied gasoline
 used as incendiary device
69
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18. I can describe Napalm and Agent Orange.
 Agent Orange
 chemical defoliant
 spray on jungles of Vietnam
to “defoliate”
 destroy “cover” of “guerrilla
fighters
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19. I can analyze the impact of Operation Cyclone (Afghanistan)
on the collapse of the Soviet Union.
 Operation Cyclone - 1979 - 1989
 code name for the C.I.A program to arm and finance the
Afghan mujahadeen


rebel fighters in Afghanistan
resisting Soviet Union’s invasion
 one of the longest and most expensive covert CIA
operations

$20–30 million per year in 1980
 rose to $630 million per year in 1987
 begun by Jimmy Carter, continued/expanded by Ronald
Reagan
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19. I can analyze the impact of Operation Cyclone (Afghanistan)
on the collapse of the Soviet Union.
 Operation Cyclone - 1979 - 1989
 U.S. armed and trained over 100,000 insurgents
 a mix of weapons, tactics, logistics, training programs

to enhance the rebels ability to fight a guerilla war against the
Soviets
 U.S. provided Stinger antiaircraft missile
 supplied to the mujahadeen in very large numbers
 struck a decisive blow to the Soviet war effort
 allowed lightly armed Afghans to defend against Soviet
helicopter landings in strategic areas
 forced Soviets to spend massive amounts
 USSR’s “Vietnam”
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19. I can analyze the impact of Operation Cyclone (Afghanistan)
on the collapse of the Soviet Union.
 Operation Cyclone - 1979 - 1989
 aftermath:


withdrawal of Soviet troops
 on February 15, 1989
 Soviet forces suffered over 14,000 killed and missing
 over 50,000 wounded
US also leaves area in a vacuum
 allows Islamic extremists to fill void
 Taliban

harbors al-Qaeda
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