Green pen

Review the questions from last
week. Green pen any changes to
the:
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
Command word
Key words
Review your summary sheet for
aggression
A2 Physical Education
Sport Psychology
AGGRESSION AND
CONFIDENCE
Week 3
Revision
Aggression
“Any behaviour that is intended to harm another individual by physical or
verbal means.” (BULL)
“Any form of behaviour directed toward the goal of harming or injuring another
human being who is motivated to avoid such treatment.” (BARON)
HOSTILE AGGRESSION
Main aim is to harm and inflict
injury.
Aggressive actions are outside
the rules of the game
‘Hostile destructiveness’
(PARENS)
Hostile aggression involves
anger.
This type of aggression needs
to be eliminated from sport!
ASSERTIVE BEHAVIOUR
No intention to harm.
Strictly within the rules
and spirit of the game.
Robust, but functional play.
Primarily focused on
completing the skill
successfully.
‘Non-hostile selfprotective mastery
behaviour’ (PARENS, 1987)
Aggression
INSTRUMENTAL
AGGRESSION
Intends to harm as a means
to another goal. For
example if you rugby tackle
an opponent with force the
intent to wind them
CHANNELED AGRESSION
Positive form of
aggression, divert feelings
into positive actions. For
example working harder
Antecedents of Aggression
HOSTILE
CROWDS
NATURE
OF THE
GAME
WIDE
DIVISION
BETWEEN
SCORES
FRUSTRATION
CAUSED BY POOR
PERFORMANCE,
OPPOSITION OR
REFS DECISIONS.
AGGRESSION
PREVIOUSLY
DEVELOPED GRUDGES
OR SCORES TO SETTLE
VENUE…AWAY
TEAM
HIGH
AROUSAL
LEVELS
EXTRINSIC
REWARDS
Theories of Aggression
INSTINCT THEORY (TRAIT PERSPECTIVE)
- Proposed by FRUED but
developed but LORENZ in 1966.
- ‘Aggression is genetically inherited
and that trait of violence lies within everyone
due to a basic instinct to dominate.’
- ‘Death instinct’ (FREUD)
- ‘Aggressive energy is constantly building
up and needs to be released’ (LORENZ)
SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY
- Proposed by BANDURA, 1966 but
developed by LEAKEY.
- Aggression is not biologically based
but is nurtured through environmental forces.
- Learned by watching and copying
role models and it becomes an
excepted mode of behaviour if reinforced.
FRUSTRATION AGGRESSION HYPOTHESIS
– INTERACTIONIST PERSPECTIVE
- Proposed by DOLLARD.
- ‘Frustration develops when goal-directed
behaviour or NACH is blocked.’
-It is instinctive to fulfil the need
to release frustration.
- Instinct theory – aggression is the goal.
- Aggression = successful = catharsis
- Aggression = unsuccessful = more frustration
AGGRESSION CUE HYPOTHESIS
(BERKOWITZ, 1969)
– INTERACTIONIST PERSPECTIVE
- Builds upon DOLLARD’S work.
-Frustration leads to an increase in arousal which,
in some situations will result in aggression.
-Cues = baseball bats, violent acts being witnessed,
nature of the game will trigger aggression if
arousal is high.
-Best players have the ability/temperament
to control frustration and arousal.
Do they have
limitations?
INSTINCT THEORY (TRAIT PERSPECTIVE)
SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY
FRUSTRATION AGGRESSION HYPOTHESIS
– INTERACTIONIST PERSPECTIVE
AGGRESSION CUE HYPOTHESIS
(BERKOWITZ, 1969)
– INTERACTIONIST PERSPECTIVE
Reducing and controlling
aggression
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






Punish aggressive play.
Withdraw violent players from the situation.
Stress performance rather than the outcome.
Emphasise non-aggressive role models.
Make use of cognitive strategies to prevent
aggressive play.
Positively reinforce non-aggressive behaviour and
negatively reinforce aggressive behaviour.
Change athletes perceptions of the situation.
Implement stress management techniques.
Lower arousal levels
Review the syllabus

Devise two
aggression
questions (3 and
4 marks)

Devise an
aggression
essay question
(14 marks)
Aggression – traffic light sheet
Anything new that
I’ve learnt
Confidence

Self confidence and self efficacy.
What is the difference?
Review your summary sheets
Development of self efficacy


What did Bandura suggest were the
four key factors that contribute to
the development of self efficacy?
What’s the difference between self
efficacy and self confidence?
Bandura’s model
Task



You are the coach of Michael Jordan. He is
going through a rough patch and is
showing signs of low levels of self efficacy.
Using Bandura’s model how could you turn
this around.
Discuss in pairs and then write four
paragraphs.
This could be part of a 14 mark question.
How? Why not the full 14 marks?
Social Facilitation/Inhibition
SOCIAL FACILITATION: The presence of an audience positively increases
arousal levels and performance is enhanced.
SOCIAL INHIBITION: A negative effect on performance is experienced due
to the attendance of an audience.
Distraction/ Conflict
Theory (Barron, 1986)
-Individuals can only
attend to a limited
amount of environmental
cues.
- Spectators demand the
same attention as other
players, resulting in more
competition for
attentional space.
- Complex actions would
therefore be impaired in
front of large crowds.
ZAJONC
- The ‘mere’ presence of others
is sufficient to increase the
arousal level of the performer.
-This uses ‘drive theory’ to
predict the effect of others on
performance.
- As arousal increases (as would
happen when spectators are
present), there is a greater
likelihood of the dominant
response occurring.
COTTRELL’S
EVALUATION
APPREHENSION
- In some
circumstances the
audience can have a
calming effect.
- Increases in arousal
were only present when
the performer
perceived that the
audience was assessing
performance.
Simplified diagram
Social Facilitation/Inhibition
Homefield
Advantage:
Strategies to Combat Social
Inhibition:
-Large supportive
home crowds have
a positive effect
on performance.
- Practice selective attention.
- Most evident in
indoor sports such
as basketball.
- Crowd gets close
to the action,
increasing audience
influence. This is
called the
‘proximity
effect.’
- Use imagery, mental rehearsal to
block out audience effects.
- Ensure essential skills are overlearned and grooved.
- introduce evaluative others into
practice.
- Raise athletes’ awareness of the
zone of optimal functioning.
- Incorporate stress management
into training.
- Appropriate use of attribution
Home and away
Advantages
Disadvantages
Strategies to eliminate effects
Review the syllabus

Devise two
confidence
questions (3 and
4 marks)

Devise one
confidence essay
question (14
marks)
Confidence– traffic light sheet
Anything new that
I’ve learnt
Next week
Week 1
Aspects of personality
Arousal
Week 2
Controlling anxiety
Attitudes
Week 3
Aggression
Confidence
Week 4
Attribution theory
Group success
Week 5
Leadership and any questions