• FTTN
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Core router History
1
This, along with newer technologies – such as
DOCSIS 3, channel bonding, and VDSL2 (the
latter of which can wring more than 100 Mbit/s
out of plain, unshielded twisted-pair copper
under normal conditions, out of a theoretical
maximum of 250 Gbit/s at 0.0m from the VRAD) –
and more sophisticated provisioning systems –
such as FTTN (fiber [optic cable] to the node) and
FTTP (fiber to the premises, either to the home or
provisioned with Cat 5e cable) – can provide
downstream speeds to the mass-market
residential consumer in excess of 300 Mbit/s and
upload speeds in excess of 100 Mbit/s with no
specialized equipment or modification (Verizon
FiOS highest tier).
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Digital subscriber line - Basic technology
Because of this, phone companies
endeavor to remove load coils on
copper loops that can operate without
them, and by conditioning other lines
to avoid them through the use of fiber
to the neighborhood or node (FTTN).
1
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Internet access - Fiber to the home
Fiber-to-the-home (FTTH) is one
member of the Fiber-to-the-x (FTTx)
family that includes Fiber-to-thebuilding or basement (FTTB), Fiberto-the-premises (FTTP), Fiber-to-thedesk (FTTD), Fiber-to-the-curb
(FTTC), and Fiber-to-the-node (FTTN)
1
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Fiber to the x
1
Fiber to the x (FTTX) is a generic term for
any broadband network architecture using
optical fiber to provide all or part of the
local loop used for last mile
telecommunications. The term is a
generalization for several configurations of
fiber deployment, ranging from FTTN (fiber
to the neighborhood) to FTTD (fiber to the
desktop).
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Fiber to the x - Definitions
FTTN / FTTLA (fiber-to-the-node, neighborhood, or -last-amplifier): Fiber is
terminated in a street cabinet, possibly
miles away from the customer premises,
with the final connections being copper.
FTTN is often an interim step toward full
FTTH and is typically used to deliver
advanced triple-play telecommunications
services.
1
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Fiber to the x - Definitions
1
FTTC / FTTK (fiber-to-the-curb/kerb, closet, or -cabinet): This is very similar
to FTTN, but the street cabinet or pole is
closer to the user's premises, typically
within 1,000 feet (300 m), within range
for high-bandwidth copper technologies
such as wired ethernet or IEEE 1901
power line networking and wireless WiFi technology. FTTC is occasionally
ambiguously called FTTP (fiber-to-thepole), leading to confusion with the
distinct fiber-to-the-premises system.
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Fiber to the x - Definitions
1
To promote consistency, especially when
comparing FTTH penetration rates
between countries, the three FTTH
Councils of Europe, North America, and
Asia-Pacific agreed upon definitions for
FTTH and FTTB in 2006, with an update in
2009 and another in 2011. The FTTH
Councils do not have formal definitions for
FTTC and FTTN.
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Fiber to the x - Ethernet point-to-point
1
Point-to-point protocol over Ethernet (PPPoE)
is a common way of delivering triple- and
quad-play (voice, video, data, and mobile)
services over both fiber and hybrid fibercoaxial (HFC) networks. Active PPPoE uses
dedicated fiber from an operator's central
office all the way to the subscribers' homes,
while hybrid networks (often FTTN) use it to
transport data via fiber to an intermediate
point to ensure sufficiently high throughput
speeds over last mile copper connections.
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Fiber to the x - Fiber to the node
1
Fiber to the node or neighborhood (FTTN),
sometimes identified with and sometimes
distinguished from fiber to the cabinet
(FTTC), is a telecommunication
architecture based on fiber-optic cables
run to a cabinet serving a neighborhood
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Fiber to the x - Fiber to the node
FTTN allows delivery of broadband
services such as highspeed internet.
Highspeed communications protocols
such as broadband cable access
(typically DOCSIS) or some form of
digital subscriber line (DSL) are used
between the cabinet and the
customers. The data rates vary
according to the exact protocol used
and according to how close the
customer is to the cabinet.
1
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Fiber to the x - Fiber to the node
Unlike FTTP, FTTN often uses existing
coaxial or twisted-pair infrastructure to
provide last mile service and is thus less
costly to deploy. In the long term, however,
its bandwidth potential is limited relative to
implementations that bring the fiber still
closer to the subscriber.
1
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Fiber to the x - Fiber to the curb (also known as fiber to the cabinet)
1
FTTC is subtly distinct from FTTN or
FTTP (all are versions of fiber in the
loop). The main difference is the
placement of the cabinet. FTTC will
be placed near the "curb", which
differs from FTTN placed far from the
customer, and FTTP placed directly at
the serving location.
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Fiber to the x - Fiber to the curb (also known as fiber to the cabinet)
1
Future deployments
will be based on
either FTTN or FTTP
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Fiber to the x - FTTP
FTTP and FTTN in the U.S.: AT&T
provides FTTP and FFTN service
through its U-verse service in 22 U.S.
states.
1
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Fiber to the x - FTTN or FTTC
FTTN is currently used by a number of
multiple-service operators to deliver
advanced triple-play services to
consumers, including AT&T in the United
States for its U-Verse service, Deutsche
Telekom in Germany, Swisscom,
Belgacom in Belgium, and Canadian
operators Telus and Bell Canada. It is
seen as an interim step towards full FTTH
and in many cases triple-play services
delivered using this approach have been
proven to grow subscriber numbers and
ARPU considerably.
1
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Fiber to the premises
1
'Fiber to the x' ('FTTX') is a generic
term for any broadband network
architecture using optical fiber to
provide all or part of the local loop
used for last mile
telecommunications. The term is a
generalization for several
configurations of fiber deployment,
ranging from FTTN (fiber to the
neighborhood) to FTTD (fiber to the
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Fiber to the premises - Definitions
*'FTTN / FTTLA' (fiber-to-the-node, neighborhood, or -last-amplifier): Fiber is
terminated in a street cabinet, possibly
miles away from the customer premises,
with the final connections being copper.
FTTN is often an interim step toward full
FTTH and is typically used to deliver
advanced triple play
(telecommunications)|triple-play
telecommunications services.
1
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Fiber to the premises - Definitions
*'FTTC / FTTK' (fiber-to-the-curb/kerb, closet, or -cabinet): This is very similar to
FTTN, but the street cabinet or pole is closer
to the user's premises, typically within ,
within range for high-bandwidth copper
technologies such as wired ethernet or IEEE
1901 power line communication|power line
networking and wireless Wi-Fi technology.
FTTC is occasionally ambiguously called
FTTP (fiber-to-the-pole), leading to confusion
with the distinct fiber-to-the-premises system.
1
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Fiber to the premises - Ethernet point-to-point
1
Active PPPoE uses dedicated fiber
from an operator's telephone
exchange|central office all the way to
the subscribers' homes, while hybrid
networks (often FTTN) use it to
transport data via fiber to an
intermediate point to ensure
sufficiently high throughput speeds
over last mile copper connections.
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Fiber to the premises - Fiber to the node
1
Fiber to the node or neighborhood (FTTN),
sometimes identified with and sometimes
distinguished from fiber to the cabinet
(FTTC),da Silva, Henrique (March, 2005),
[http://www.co.it.pt/seminarios/webcasting/
itcbr_09_03_05.pdf Optical Access
Networks], Instituto de Telecomunicações,
9 March 2005, slide 10
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Fiber to the premises - Fiber to the curb (also known as fiber to the cabinet)
1
Future deployments
will be based on
either FTTN or FTTP
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Fiber to the premises - FTTP
1
*'FTTP and FTTN in the U.S.': ATT
provides FTTP and FFTN service
through its U-verse service in 22 U.S.
states.
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Fiber to the premises - FTTN or FTTC
1
FTTN is currently used by a number of
multiple-service operators to deliver
advanced triple play
(telecommunications)|triple-play
services to consumers, including ATT
in the United States for its U-Verse
service, Deutsche Telekom in
Germany, Swisscom, Belgacom in
Belgium, and Canadian operators
Telus and Bell Canada
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National Broadband Network
In opposition, the Coalition made
clear it expected the technology mix
could include Fibre-to-the-Node
(FTTN) and Fibre-to-the-Building
(FTTB) architectures, existing Hybrid
Fibre Coaxial (HFC) networks and
other privately operated fibre
broadband infrastructure, along with
the existing NBN Co technologies of
Fibre-to-the-Premises (FTTP),
satellite and Long Term Evolution
(LTE) fixed wireless
1
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National Broadband Network - Broadband Advisory Group 2003
In a report released on the Howard
government’s Broadband Advisory
Group (BAG) recommended the Federal
Government work with other
governments and industry stakeholders
to form a national broadband network. A
subsequent Australian Senate
committees|Senate committee
recommend the Federal Government
replace the increasingly obsolete copper
network with a new network based on
Fiber to the x|fibre to the node (FTTN) or
alternative technologies.
1
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National Broadband Network - Telstra Copper Upgrade proposal 2005
On Telstra, the owner of the national
copper network, announced a plan to
upgrade its ageing networks, including a
rollout of a Fiber to the x|fibre to the node
(FTTN) network
1
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National Broadband Network - G9 Consortium 2007
Nine telecommunications
companies—AAPT Limited|AAPT,
Internode (ISP)|Internode, iiNet,
Macquarie Telecom, Optus, PowerTel,
Primus Telecommunications
(Australia)|Primus, TPG
Telecom|Soul and TransACT,
formerly known as Terria
(consortium)|G9—proposed its own
FTTN network on , however, it was
1
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Fiber-optic communication - Last mile
Their MSO competitors employ
FTTN with coax using Hybrid fibrecoaxial|HFC
1
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Cincinnati Bell - Fiber optics
In late 2008, Cincinnati Bell started
offering a fiber-optic communications
(Internet, telephone, and IPTV) service
called 'FiOptics', similar to the Verizon
FiOS|FiOS service offered by Verizon
Communications. Cincinnati Bell is
currently in the process of rolling out the
new service to select communities in the
Cincinnati area. FiOptics runs FTTH|fiber
to the home, augmented by FTTN|fiber to
the node.
1
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Bell Sympatico - 2010s: Lower caps and faster speeds
In its place, a Fibe 50/10 FTTN
plan was made available for the first
time
1
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Bell Sympatico - Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)
1
Fibe services can only be used where
Fiber to the x|fibre-to-the-neighbourhood
(FTTN) technology is deployed
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Bell Sympatico - Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)
On May 8, 2012, Bell has simplified its
FTTN DSL lineup to offer only three plans.
The service offerings are as follows:
1
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Bell Sympatico - Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)
1
In regions where FTTN is unavailable, a
plan called Bell Internet 5 is available. It is
similar to the Fibe 5/1 plan, but uses
traditional DSL instead of FTTN DSL.
Upload speeds are limited to 800 kbit/s.
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G.992.5 - Canada
* BCE Inc.|BCE inc. –
[http://www.bell.ca Bell] Service,
marketed as [http://fibe.bell.ca Fibe] is
available in parts of Ontario and
Quebec, though not all Fibe packages
are ADSL2+. FTTN is often used by
Bell for these services which is still
reliant on copper wiring to customer
premises.
1
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Bell Fibe TV
'Bell Fibe TV' is an IPTV|IP-based
television service offered by Bell Canada
in Ontario and Quebec. It is bundled with
a FTTN or FTTH Bell Internet service, and
uses the Microsoft Mediaroom platform.
1
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U-Verse - Services
1
High-speed digital subscriber lines
with ADSL2+ or Very-high-bitrate
digital subscriber line|VDSL
technology connect from FTTN nodes
to the customers' premises
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U-Verse - Line equipment
1
The 7330 ISAM is an IP-DSLAM|internet protocol DSL
access multiplexer that supports VDSL and ADSL
protocols.[ http://www.alcatellucent.com/wps/portal/!ut/p/kcxml/04_Sj9SPykssy0xPL
MnMz0vM0Y_QjzKLd4w3dnTRL8h2VAQADYR9IA!!?L
MSG_CABINET=Solution_Product_CatalogLMSG_CO
NTENT_FILE=Products/Product_Detail_000413.xmlL
MSG_PARENT=Product_Families/Product_Family_00
0130.xml Alcatel-Lucent 7330 ISAM FTTN ANSI] FTTP
(fiber to the premises) systems use model 7340, which
is mostly used in areas such as new neighborhoods or
large-scale developments where fiber can be run to
the household, removing the distance limitations of
copper
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Fiber to the premises by country - Serbia
1
In Kosovo, FTTN (N=Neighborhood) has
been deployed by Telecom Kosovo since
2000 in selected areas of Priština, Peć,
Prizren, Kosovska Mitrovica, Uroševac,
Gjilane and other cities in Kosovo and
Metohija. More than 800km connects 50
locations in MASH topology, in 2010
Telecom Kosovo introduced Triple-Play for
its costumers.
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Fiber in the loop
1
FITL can be implemented with any FTTx
architecture, such as fiber to the cabinet
(FTTC), fiber to the node (FTTN), and fiber
to the premises (FTTP).
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Video-ready access device - ATT VRADs
There are 2 types of VRAD systems
currently used by ATT: Fiber to the x|FTTN
(fiber to the node), and FTTP (fiber to the
premises).
1
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Video-ready access device - ATT VRADs
The 7330 ISAM is an IP-DSLAM|internet
protocol DSL access multiplexer that
supports VDSL and ADSL protocols.[
http://www.alcatellucent.com/wps/portal/!ut/p/kcxml/04_Sj9SPy
kssy0xPLMnMz0vM0Y_QjzKLd4w3dnTRL8h
2VAQADYR9IA!!?LMSG_CABINET=Solution
_Product_CatalogLMSG_CONTENT_FILE=P
roducts/Product_Detail_000413.xmlLMSG_P
ARENT=Product_Families/Product_Family_0
00130.xml Alcatel-Lucent 7330 ISAM FTTN
ANSI]
1
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Video-ready access device - Other VRADs
1
Bell Canada's Bell Fibe TV and Telus's
Optik TV also use VRADs in their
networks. Bell Canada uses the
Alcatel-Lucent 7330 and Ikanos
Communications IKNS ISAMs, and
provides Internet service via either
FTTN to 50 Mbit/s, or FTTH (fibre to
the home) to 175 Mbit/s.[
http://www.bell.ca/Bell_Internet/Inte
rnet_access Bell Internet Packages]
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Video-ready access device - Other VRADs
Claro Puerto Rico is currently
deploying VRADs to offer their IPTV
and VDSL Internet service up to
50Mbit/s. There are 2 types of VRAD
systems currently used by Claro:
Fiber to the x|FTTN (fiber to the
node), and FTTP (fiber to the
premises). It is unknown the
equipment they are using.
1
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DSL - Basic technology
Because of this, phone companies
endeavor to remove load coils on
copper loops that can operate without
them, and by conditioning other lines
to avoid them through the use of fiber
to the neighborhood or node (FTTN).
1
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CommScope
1
CommScope manufactures SYSTIMAX
and Uniprise brands of Enterprise
infrastructure of copper Unshielded
Twisted Pair cabling, connector panels,
jacks and fiber optic cabling, connector
panels, racking and metals.
CommScope also manufactures
environmentally secure cabinets for
FTTN and DSL applications.
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Internet in the United Kingdom - Unbundled local loop
Exchanges continue to be upgraded,
subject to demand, across the country,
although at a somewhat slower pace since
BT's commencement of FTTC#FTTN or
FTTC|FTTC rollout plans and nearsaturation in key geographical areas
1
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Internet in Germany - DSL
Starting in 2013, all newly deployed
Deutsche Telekom VDSL2
FTTN|nodes support G.vector
technology. Beginning in August 2014,
vectored VDSL2 service with data
rates of up to 100 Mbit/s downlink and
40 Mbit/s uplink is available from
Deutsche Telekom. Deutsche Telekom
is planning to introduce 500 Mbit/s
service using G.fast in 2015 at the
1
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Internet usage - Fiber to the home
1
Fiber to the x |Fiber-to-the-home (FTTH) is
one member of the Fiber-to-the-x (FTTx)
family that includes Fiber-to-the-building or
basement (FTTB), Fiber-to-the-premises
(FTTP), Fiber-to-the-desk (FTTD), Fiberto-the-curb (FTTC), and Fiber-to-the-node
(FTTN)
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Virgin Media - Virgin Broadband
1
Virgin Broadband in cabled areas is
marketed as fibre optic broadband. It
is a Fiber to the x#Fiber to the
node|FTTN network, where fibre
optic trunk lines are used to connect
the area's Cable television
headend|headend to cabinets on the
street. It is not a FTTH|fibre to the
home service like Verizon FiOS;
instead, the link between the cabinet
and the customer uses
DOCSIS|DOCSIS 3.0 over coaxial
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Fibre to the premises - Definitions
1
*'FTTdp' (Fibre To The Distribution Point) This
is very similar to FTTC / FTTN but is onestep close again moving the end of the fibre
to within meters of the boundary of the
customers premises in last junction possible
junction box know as the 'distribution point'
this allows for near-gigabit
speedshttp://www.techrepublic.com/blog/euro
pean-technology/could-ultrafast-broadbandover-copper-speed-the-rollout-of-gigabitinternet/?tag=nl.e101s_cid=e101ttag=e101fta
g=TRE684d531
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Fibre to the premises - Fiber to the curb/cabinet
1
Future deployments will
be based on either FTTN
or FTTP
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Fibre to the premises - FTTP
1
*'FTTP in the U.S.': Verizon provides FTTP and
FTTN service through its FiOS service .
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ITU G.992.5 - Canada
1
* Vodalink (vodalink.com) now also started
to provide ADSL2+ Service in Quebec and
Ontario mostly using FTTN that is still just
as fast and reliable.
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Fiber optic transmission system - Last mile
1
Also in the US, Wilson Utilities located in
Wilson, North Carolina, have implemented
FTTH and have successfully achieved 1
gigabit fiber to the home. This was
implemented in late 2013. Wilson Utilities
first rolled out their FTTN (Fiber to the
Home) in 2012 with speeds offerings of
20/40/60/100 megabits per second. Their
service is referred to as GreenLight.
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G.fast - Deployment scenarios
The term FTTdp (fiber to the
distribution point) is commonly
associated with G.fast, similar to how
FTTN is associated with VDSL2
1
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Chorus Limited - Copper
1
Chorus has implemented a FTTN#Fiber
to the node|fibre-to-the-node (also
known as Serving area
interface|cabinetisation) project to
bring the Multi-service access
node|equipment closer to the user, so
91% of the lines are able to access an
ADSL2+ connection of 10Mbit/s or
more.
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Frontier Communications - Frontier U-verse
1
[http://www.fiercetelecom.com/story
/frontiers-next-gen-fttn-plan-willleverage-atts-u-versetechnology/2012-04-09 Frontier's nextgen FTTN plan will leverage ATT's Uverse technology] FierceTelecom
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NBNCo - Ownership and funding
1
This has resulted in the implementation of
both FTTN (Fibre to the node) technology
in metropolitan areas, and LTE Fixed
wireless technology in regional areas.
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TekSavvy - Digital subscriber line (DSL) Internet
On March 20, 2013, TekSavvy added a 50
Mbit/s tier, the fastest FTTN tier that Bell
started offering a month earlier. TekSavvy
offers the same FTTN DSL speeds available
from Bell. The only exceptions are that for
the slowest plans, 6 Mbit/s regular DSL and 7
Mbit/s FTTN DSL is sold by TekSavvy instead
of Bell's 5 Mbit/s plans. All plans offer a
choice between 300 GB or unlimited Internet
access, while the 6 and 7 Mbit/s plans offer a
lower-priced 75 GB option.
1
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Broadband internet - Fiber to the home
1
Fiber to the x|Fiber-to-the-home (FTTH) is
one member of the Fiber-to-the-x (FTTx)
family that includes Fiber-to-the-building or
basement (FTTB), Fiber-to-the-premises
(FTTP), Fiber-to-the-desk (FTTD), Fiberto-the-curb (FTTC), and Fiber-to-the-node
(FTTN)
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Hermann Lotze - Works in English
1
**Part 4. Outlines of Psychology (1886).
[http://books.google.com/books?id=BCbH
OFTtN1kC Google (UMich)]
[https://archive.org/details/outlinesofpsych
o00lotzuoft IA (UToronto)]
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