Chapter 7 -1st Industrial Revolution
1700-1914
• Write down 5 things you remember from learning
the Industrial Revolution last year
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Notes
Read section 1 of chapter 7. (pages 246-249)
Fill in this slide with the following:
• Where did the Industrial Revolution begin?
• Definition of Industrial Revolution
• How did farming and industry change?
• Improvements in Transportation
Section 1 Notes Quiz
1. What is Industrialization?
2. How did transformation in farming lead
to population growth and industrialization
3. What factors led to industrializationname three
Chapter 7
Section 1
Industrialization
Innovation in agriculture and
industry lead to major social and
economic changes during the
1700 and 1800’s.
Objectives for Chapter 9 Section 1
• Analyze why life changed as industry
spread
• Summarize how an agricultural
revolution led to the growth of industry
• Outline new technologies that helped
trigger the Industrial Revolution
Industrialization
• Industrialization- when power driven
machinery replaces manual labor
done on farms, in homes, and during
production.
• Industrialization starts in Britain
during the 1700’s.
Life Before Industry
• People lived the same way their ancestors had for
hundreds of years.
• Seasons and religious traditions measured time
• People relied almost solely on Farming to make a
living.
• Families were small
• High infant death rate
• Only 25 % of people lived in towns or cities.
• Village life
Village Life
• Rural villagers were farmers.
• Wealthy land owners rented land
out.
• Private and public land not separated
off-land used for peasants to farm
• Public land-woodlands and pastures
• Village economies were selfsufficient
• Why?
Early Industries
• Small industry necessary to meet
local needs
• Coal, glass, iron, wool
• Domestic system used for industry.
• Define Domestic System- process of
making cloth in ones home with
several people (early factory
concept
Beginnings of Change
• Open Field system in rural villages is
ended during the 1700’s by the Enclosure
Movement.
• Enclosures allowed landowners to take
over and fence off private and common
lands.
• What will happen to rural farmers??
Beginnings of Change
• Rural farmers forced to move to cities to
find work.
• Landowners implement new technology
and ideas to raise more crops.
Examples• Planting turnips-to preserve the soil
• Crop rotation
• Breeding stronger animals
• See drill
Can you think of technological changes in
farming from today?
Crop Rotation
Seed Drill
Beginnings of Change
• Changes in farming= AGRICULTURAL
REVOLUTION
• AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION = more
efficient farming that requires less
manual labor
This allows for more food to be grown by
less people freeing up others to work in
industries.
Population Boom
• More food led to an increase in
population
• Increase in food mad up for times of
famine which caused people to starve to
death
• People’s eating became healthier
• Hygiene and sanitation became better
• Medical care improved-Antiseptics
New Technology Develops
• New sources of energy to power
machines- Steam Engine (James Watt)
powered by coal
• Iron ore- uses coal instead of charcoalmakes iron stronger and less expensive
to produce-this leads to bridges and rail
roads
Water Transportation
• Robert Fulton builds first steamboat,
the Clermont, in 1807
• England’s water transport improved
by system of canals
Road Transportation
• British roads are improved;
companies operate them as toll roads
Clermont
Steam-Driven Locomotives
• In 1804, Richard Trevithick builds first steamdriven locomotive
• In 1825, George Stephenson builds world’s first
railroad line
The Liverpool-Manchester Railroad
• Entrepreneurs build railroad from Liverpool to
Manchester
• Stephenson’s Rocket acknowledged as best
locomotive (1829)
Railroads Revolutionize Life in Britain
• Railroads spur industrial growth, create jobs
• Cheaper transportation boosts many industries;
people move to cities
Rocket
Section 1 Summary
• Starting in the 1700’s machine made goods
and processes replaced man made
• Agriculture revolutionized first
• This increased population and allowed more
workers to be freed up to work in factories
• Birth in new technologies started to
modernize societies
• Life will go from small rural farmers to
industrialized cities
Britain Leads the Way
Section 2
Objectives
• Understand why Britain was the
starting point for the Industrial
Revolution
• Describe the changes that
transformed the textile industry
• Explain the significance of the
transportation revolution.
Start of Industrialization in England
• Why does Industry Start in England?
• ________________- Landowners made $
and could invest in industry.
• _________________- iron ore, large
network of rivers and harbors, water
• _________________supply-displaced
farmers, growing population
• ________________-bring all the
resources together
Textiles Lead the Way
• __________________for cloth replaced by
the Factory System. AKA-cottage industry
or domestic system.
• Textile industry brings in advances in
machinery.
• Those advances will eventually be
implemented into other industries.
• Know the new machinery introduced to the
textile industry in England.
Water Frame
Richard
Arkwright
Spinning MuleSamuel Crompton
Cotton GinSpinning Jenny-James
Hargreaves
Eli Whitney
Flying Shuttles
•
•
invented by John Kay
doubled the work a weaver could do in a day
Spinning Jenny
•
•
James Hargreaves
Allowed spinner to work eight threads at a time
Water Frame
•
•
Invented by Richard Arkwright
used waterpower to drive spinning wheels
Spinning Mule
•
•
•
Invented by Samuel Crompton
Combined features of a spinning jenny and water frame
Made thread that was stronger, finer, and more consistent
Power Loom
•Invented by Edmund Cartwright
http://www.bbc.co.uk/
history/british/victoria
ns/launch_ani_paddl
e_steamship.shtml
Revolution in Transportation
• Production increased so ways to transport
goods needed to follow suit
• Better roads-_______________________entrepreneurs built them and charged
travelers fees to use them
• ______________________ dug to connect
rivers
• _______________________(1800’s)-could
go places rivers could not-R.R. sprouted up
all over Britain, Europe and North America
Why does Industry Grow at a Fast Pace?
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Industrial Capitalism
Interchangeable Parts
Division of Labor
Partnerships
Corporations
Capitalism
Laissez-Faire government policy
Better Transportation-Railroads,
steamboats, road transportation(turnpikes)
Summary
• Britain had the necessary resources
to develop industry-labor, capital and
natural resources
• Textile Industry was the first area to
industrialize
• Industrialization grew due to
Entrepreneurs, faster technology and
transportation methods
Assessment Questions
• Explain how each of the following helped
contribute to demand for consumer goods in
Britain:
a. Population explosion
b. General economic prosperity
• What was the significance of new machines to
the textile industry?
• Explain how advances in Britain helped lead to
global trade.
The new technology set off a cycle that
dramatically affected how people lived.
More affordable
goods caused
still lower
prices.
Lower prices
created more
consumers and
greater
demand.
Greater demand led to
new inventions and still
more affordable goods.
Chapter 7 Section 3
Social Impact of the
Industrial Revolution
Chapter 7 Section 3 Objectives
• Explain what caused urbanization and
what life was like in the new industrial
cities.
• Compare and contrast the industrial
working class and the new middle class.
• Understand how the factory system and
mines changed the way people worked.
• Analyze the benefits and challenges of
industrialization.
Terms and People
• urbanization – the movement of
people to cities
• tenement – crowded, multistory
building divided into apartments
• labor union – workers’ organization
The Industrial Revolution
brought rapid urbanization.
• Changes in farming, rising population,
and the need for workers led people to
migrate to cities.
• Overnight, towns and cities near coal or
iron mines mushroomed.
• Manchester grew from 17,000 people in
the 1750s to 70,000 in 1801.
The Industrial
Revolution
created a new
middle class,
or
bourgeoisie.
The middle class lived
in clean neighborhoods
with running water and
paved streets. Women
stayed home to raise
their children.
They included merchants, inventors,
investors, and “rags to riches”
individuals who were admired for
their hard work and “get-ahead”
attitude.
The cities where the working
class lived were crowded, dark,
dirty, and smoky.
• The poor lived in tiny, crowded rooms in
multistory tenements packed into vilesmelling slums.
• Lack of sanitation left waste and rotting
garbage in the streets, creating a terrible
stench.
• Raw sewage was dumped in rivers,
contaminating drinking water and spreading
Organizations such as labor
unions were illegal.
Frustration at times
Frustrated workers turned to violence:
tried to organize
• Between 1811 and
secretly, but they
1813, textile workers
lacked a political
rioted.
voice and were
powerless to affect • Groups called
change.
Luddites smashed
labor-saving
machines that were
replacing workers.
See Chart Group Notes for this
section also
Child labor
reform laws
called “factory
laws” were
passed in the
early 1800s.
• Children’s
workdays were
reduced to
12 hours.
• Children
under
eight were
removed from the
cotton mills.
New laws in the 1830s and 1840s
further reduced hours for women and
children, sent inspectors into factories,
and required that children be educated.
Since the 1800s people have debated
whether industrialization was a
blessing or a curse.
The industrial
age brought
great hardship.
Pay was low,
conditions were
terrible, and
housing was
dismal.
Workers later
gained the vote
and political
power. Wages
rose in time.
The cost of new
products and of
travel dropped.
Minor labor laws
• http://www.com.ohio.gov/laws/docs/laws_M
LLPoster.pdf
• Good site for child labor information during
England's industrial revolution
• http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/IRchild
.htm
Chapter 7 section 4
New Ways of ThinkingReforming the Industrial World
Chapter 7 Section 4
Reforming the Industrial World
•
Section 4 is about trying to fix the problems
that industry brings
1. Big gap between the rich and poor
2. Working conditions
3. Urbanization
•
Section 4 proposes different economic
theories to make people in society more
equal
Economic Systems
• Industrialization opened a wide gap between the
rich and the poor.
• Workers demanded more rights and some felt
that government needed to change the way
economies were organized
• By the 1800’s big business viewed government
involvement in the economy negatively while the
poor working class viewed government regulation
in the economy as a positive.
• Too many problems in society = change
Economic Systems
• Some countries will change the way their society
organizes their economy and makes decisions on
how people get the resources they need such as
money and jobs.
• An economic system is the way in which countries
answer the 3 questions of
1.Who should own resources in society?
2.What and how to produce?
3.Who gets the finished goods from production?
Industrialization leads to problems
• Industry leads to problems in society
• Solution-change the current economic system from
Laissez-faire capitalism to a system with
government intervention.
• Laissez Faire theory-industries and businesses make
decisions without government telling them what to
do.
• Capitalism-factors of production are privately
owned and invested to make a profit.
• Thinkers such as Adam Smith, Thomas Malthus and
David Ricardo supported laissez-faire theories
• How did capitalism bring about the Industrial Rev.?
Solutions to problems with Industry-make
economies more equal
Proposed economic theories in the 1800’s
• Economic System_- means of productioncapital, raw materials, land, factories, etc.
should be owned by society and controlled
through govt.
• Wealth would be distributed equally
throughout society
Solutions to problems with industry
continued…
• Utilitarianism_-everyone in society should put in
equal work and receive equal benefits.
• Laws should be judged by usefulness.
• Education for all
• Public health service for all
• Improved Prisons
• Bentham’s ideas were supported
By John Stewart Mill-he actually set
Jeremy
Up a mill and town where wages were good and
noBentham
child labor was used.
Solutions to
problems with
industry
continued…
Karl Marx
Frederich Engles
• Communism- society without private
property and class distinctions. Govt.
would control property and wealth.
Extreme socialism
• Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels though
of theory
• Believed that capitalism was
temporary phase in society
• Proletariat or the working class would
eventually overthrow the bourgeoisie
or the middle class to create an equal,
classless society
New Economic Theories =
Creation of New Economic
Systems
Economic Systems Reform
• Countries move away from a market system to fix
the problems of industrialization
• Governments get involved and put regulations
on businesses
• Most countries do not become communist even
though the government gets involved in the
economy
• Instead they become Mixed economies which
call for some government regulation while
individuals still own private property and have
freedom to make choices in the economy
Force of Change
• Countries’ economies are forced to change
due to the spread of different economic
theories –socialism, communism and
utilitarianism
• Unions develop and strike
• At first, governments did not allow unions.
• Eventually unions are allowed to come
together with their employers to collective
bargain.
Industrial Reforms
• Factory Act 1830-illegal to hire children
under age 9, 9-12 years old could not work
longer than 8, 13-17 no longer than 12
• Mines Act-no women and children working
underground
• 10 hrs. Act-women and children can not
work longer than 10 hours
Social Reforms
• Abolition of slavery in England
• Women’s rights movement begins for
higher wages, better education, and voting
• Cities regulate housing through building
codes, fire and police protection, garbage
removal and try to clean up pollution (very
little)
Conclusion
• By the late 1800’s and early 1900’s people could
not ignore problems from industrialization
• Economies became mixed balancing out private
interests with the good of the community
• Some countries became totally equalcommunism in Russia
• Industrialization continued to advance societies
and provide for a modern way of life while
slowly addressing problems for the poor
working classes
Economic Systems
Simple
Exchange
Tradition
Relies on
custom, habit, or
ritual. Little
room for
innovation or
change.
Associated with
low standard of
living.
Laissezfaire/Capitalism
Market
Economic
decisions made
by individuals.
Freedom,
competition,
and profit are
valued in this
system.
Communism
Socialism
Utilitarianism
Combination
of all
theories
Command
Mixed
Central gov’t or
authority
answers
economic
questions.
Lack of
consumer
goods. Heavy
in military
spending.
Combines all
three previous
economic
systems.
Traditional and
free market
with limited
government
involvement.
New Science and Medicine During
1800’s and 1900’s
• Not only were there problems with working
conditions in society but there were also
problems with disease and sickness.
• New Discoveries were being made during the
18 and 1900’s which will improve the
standard of living and life expectancy.
• New Discoveries also help explain the way
the world works
New Discoveries
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Cell Theory and Evolution-Charles Darwin
Genetics-Gregor Mendel
Vaccines-Edward Jenner
Discovery of Bacteria-Louis Pasteur
Safe Surgery-Joseph Lister
Atomic Theory-John Dalton
Social Sciences-scientific study of human
behavior
Growth in Population
• By 1900 advances in science and medicine
were showing results
• By 1900 most people could expect to live to
the age of 50.
• Europe’s population almost doubled.
Population and Transportation
• Population grew and people became more mobile
• Railroads
• Steamships
• Transportation led to emigration and immigration.
Immigration
• Immigration- coming to settle permanently into a
foreign land
• Emigration- leaving your home land to settle
elsewhere.
• Between 1870 and 1900 more than 25 million people
left Europe. Most immigrated to the United States
Immigration
• Europeans left for different reasons
• Escape crowded cities
• Find better jobs and living
• Escape discrimination and persecution
Population and Growth of Cities
• Even though many Europeans immigrated to
escape crowded cities they often found
overcrowding in their new place of residence.
• Urbanization- is the movement of people into
cities and the spread of city life.
• By 1914 80% of British people lived in cities.
• Urbanization also spread to America,
Germany, and France
• What caused urbanization?
Problems of Urbanization
•
•
•
•
•
•
Growing cities meant growing problems
overcrowding
Poor building structures with fire a constant danger
Factories create pollution-dirty smoky air.
crime
sanitation
• http://player.discoveryeducation.com/index.cfm?guidAssetId=068022283058-4FA3-A257-7459065FFD1D&blnFromSearch=1&productcode=US
Problems in Cities Reformed
• Many of the problems listed will be
improved through government reforms
• Think of how you made your city plans
• Cities now implemented building codes, fire
and police forces, regular sanitation pick up,
better town planning, and places for
entertainment such as parks and libraries.