Learning Review
Flashcards for Terms on the Test
Definition
• The type of learning that occurs when a
person observes and imitates others is
called…
Answer
• Observational Learning
Definition
• A response that is natural, automatic, or not
learned, is called a(n)…
Answer
• Unconditioned Response
Definition
• A(n) ___________ reinforcer increases the
frequency of the behavior it follows when it
is added to the environment.
Answer
• Positive Reinforcer
Definition
• The method of __________ involves
exposing a person to a harmless stimulus
until he or she is no longer afraid of it.
Answer
• Flooding
Definition
• On a ___________ schedule,
reinforcements are provided only after a
certain number of correct responses have
been made.
Answer
• Fixed Ratio
Definition
• A type of stimulus that was formerly
neutral and takes on new meaning by
being associated with something else is
called a(n)
Answer
• Conditioned Stimulus
Definition
• This kind of reinforcement occurs when a
behavior is reinforced every time it occurs.
Answer
• Continuous Reinforcement
Definition
• ___________ is the method of teaching
complex behaviors by breaking them down
into manageable parts.
Answer
• Shaping
Definition
• A(n) ___________ reinforcer is learned and
becomes effective by first being paired
with such reinforcers as food and shelter.
Answer
• Primary Reinforcer
Definition
• Reinforcements are applied with a set
amount of time between them on
a________ schedule.
Answer
• Fixed Interval
Definition
• __________ is the learning that occurs
while a neutral stimulus is paired with an
unconditioned stimulus and it is repeated
over and over. The initial learning of new
response.
Answer
• Acquisition
Definition
• Form of classical conditioning in which a
food comes to be avoided
Answer
• Taste Aversion
Definition
• This type of stimulus elicits a response not
normally associated with it after being
paired with an unconditional stimulus.
Answer
• Conditioned Stimulus
Definition
• Form of learning by successive
approximations. Used to teach animals
tricks.
Answer
• Shaping
Definition
• Act of responding in the same way to
stimuli that seem similar. For example, a
dog salivates to a bell and to a buzzer with a
similar tone.
Answer
• Generalization
Definition
• Elicits no response before conditioning
Answer
• Neutral Stimulus
Definition
• Method of overcoming fears by pairing a
pleasing stimulus with a feared one.
Answer
• Counter conditioning
Definition
• A(n) ___________ reinforcer is desired
because the animal learns to value it,
like praise.
Answer
• Secondary Reinforcer
Definition
• Method of overcoming fear that involves
relaxation and gradual exposure to the
feared stimulus
Answer
• Systematic Desensitization
Definition
• Revival of an extinguished response when
the unconditioned stimulus suddenly
reappears.
Answer
• Spontaneous Recovery
Definition
• Form of learning based on the consequences
of actions
Answer
• Operant Conditioning
Definition
• Act of responding differently to stimuli that
are not similar. For example, a dog
salivates to a bell but not a knock on the
wooden door.
Answer
• Descrimination
Definition
• When a conditioned response stops
occurring because the unconditioned
stimulus is no longer presented
Answer
• Extinction
Definition
• Reinforcement that encourages a behavior
by meeting an organism's basic biological
needs like food, water, or sex drive.
Answer
• Primary Reinforcer
Definition
• A natural stimulus that causes an automatic
response
Answer
• Unconditioned Stimulus
Definition
• This person studied cats and came up with
the “Law of Effect” that states that animals
will repeat behaviors that are rewarded.
Answer
• Thorndike
Definition
• This person conditioned Little Albert to be
scared of white fury objects.
Answer
• John Watson
Definition
• This person is the father of operant
conditioning and believed that all animals
learn through reinforcement and
punishment.
Answer
• B.F. Skinner
Definition
• This person’s experiment with rats showed
that animals do think during classical
conditioning because they need to predict
the UCS is coming after the NS.
Answer
• Robert Rescorla
Definition
• This person studied taste aversion in rats
using flavored water with a drug that would
make the rats sick.
Answer
• John Garcia
Definition
• This person’s rat maze experiment where
rats formed a cognitive map of the maze
showed that animals learn without
reinforcement demonstrating the concept of
latent learning.
Answer
• E.C. Tolman
Definition
• This person studied how children learned
through observation in his famous Bobo
Doll Experiment
Answer
• Albert Bandura
Definition
• His experiment with dogs proved that
animals can learn reflexive behaviors to
unnatural stimuli.
Answer
• Ivan Pavlov