ID and Young World
The Intelligent Designer is the
God who created the world recently
Evidence for a young
world connects the
Designer with the Bible
Young
Old
Outline
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Introduction
Astronomy Examples of a Young Universe
Geology Examples of a Young Earth
Biological Examples of life being young
Carbon Dating (Organic materials)
Uranium-Lead Dating (Inorganic materials)
Summary
Why I don’t believe in evolution
• Materials cannot create things: information and
sequencing of language is the key
• No fossil evidence for macro-evolution exists
• No biochemical mechanism for macro-evolution
exists (recall Behe)
• Design argues against evolution (recall Newton)
• Law of Biogenesis argues against evolution and
Spontaneous Generation (recall Pasteur)
• Thermodynamics argues against evolution (recall
Kelvin)
• Randomness cannot create things (recall Maxwell)
Question: If evolution is not true, is there a need for long
periods of time in the earth’s history???
Scripture connection
The Bible insists that the world is young
“For in six days the LORD
made the heavens
and the earth … “
— Exodus 20:11
Context: Ordinary days
Not used:
days
Long time, age, eon
To thousandth generation
Thousands of myriads of years
six
James Ussher (1581-1656), Archbishop of Armagh, Primate of All
Ireland, and Vice-Chancellor of Trinity College in Dublin was highly
regarded in his day as a churchman and as a scholar. Of his many works,
his treatise on chronology has proved the most durable. Based on an
intricate correlation of Middle Eastern and Mediterranean histories and
Holy writ, it was incorporated into an authorized version of the Bible
printed in 1701, and thus came to be regarded with almost as much
unquestioning reverence as the Bible itself. Having established the first
day of creation as Sunday 23 October 4004 BC, by the arguments set
forth in the passage below, Ussher calculated the dates of other biblical
events, concluding, for example, that Adam and Eve were driven from
Paradise on Monday 10 November 4004 BC, and that the ark touched
down on Mt Ararat on 5 May 2348 BC `on a Wednesday'.
Jesus Christ
says the world is young
But from the beginning of creation,
God made them male and female. — Mark 10:6
Now
4000 years
2000 years
— No room for long ages
Hundreds of physical processes
set limits on the age of the world
1. Helium in atmosphere
2. Helium in ground
3. Meteor dust
4. Buildup of carbon 14
5. Human population
6. Natural plutonium
7. Sodium in sea
8. Sediment in sea
9. Erosion of continents
10. Earth's magnetic field
11. Oil leaks in earth
12. Natural gas in earth
13. Orphan radiohalos
14. Neutrons and strontium
15. Decay of rock magnetism
16. Tight bends in rocks
21. Coral reef growth
41. Peat bog growth
22. Oldest living plants
42. Multi-layer fossils
23. Human civilizations
43. Hardening of rocks
24. River delta growth
44. Decay of Saturn's rings
25. Undersea oil seepage
45. Potassium in the sea
26. Uranium in sea
46. Titan's methane loss
27. Neutrons and lead
47. Internal heat of Io
28. Rotation of spiral galaxies 48. Leaching of chlorine
29. Interstellar gas expansion 49. Radiogenic lead
30. C-14 in meteorites
50. Niagara Falls erosion
31. Decay of comets
51. Stone age burials
32. Interplanetary dust removal52. Seafloor calareceous ooze
33. Lifetime of meteor showers53. Uranium decay
34. Dust on the moon
54. Squashed radiohalos
35. Slowing of earth's rotation 55. Young water to sea
36. Heat loss from earth
56. Magma to earth's crust
Most give an age
less than billions of years
Many of the processes set
upper limits, not lower limits
Age (years)
10 Billion
Evolution
100 Million
1 Million
10,000
Bible
1
2
3
4
5
Process
Galaxies wind themselves up too fast
Supposed to be
10 billion years old
Less than
0.3 billion years
windup
Not enough supernova “smoke rings”
Only 200 remnants
seen in our galaxy:
Only 7,000 years worth
Crab Nebula
Comets crumble too quickly
Supposed to be
5 billion years old
Lifetime
in Solar System:
Less than
10,000 years
Seafloor mud accumulates too fast
Mud entering: 25 billion tons / year
Continent
Ocean
Mud: 400 meters
Subducting Plate
Mud leaving: 1 billion tons / year
Max age: 12 million years
The sea is not salty enough
Sodium In:
450 million
tons per year
Out:
120 million
tons per year
Max age: 62 million years
The Earth’s magnetic field
is losing energy too fast
Loses half its energy
every 1400 years
Lost energy faster
during reversals
in Genesis Flood
Current
Max age: 20,000 years
Biological material decays too fast
6,000
----------- years
1. “Mitochondrial Eve” 200,000
< 10,000
--------------2. DNA in amber: 135
million years
< 10,000
3. DNA in dino bones: --------------70 million years
< 10,000
4. Permian bacteria revived: --------------250 million years
< 10,000
5. Neandertal DNA: -----------100,000 years
< 10,000
6. Dinosaur blood cells: --------------70 million years
DNA
Not enough Stone Age graves
Evolutionism:
Human
Population
Farming
Limited food
1 Million
Over 6 Billion graves
160,000 years
Time
Time
Only thousands exist. Max ~ 500 years
Written history is too short
Number of Documents
Billions
Millions
Thousands
One
Abraham
Christ
~ 4500 years
Now
These data imply
the whole creation is young
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Galaxies
Supernovas
Comets
Mud
Sea Salt
Magnetic Field
Biological decay
Stone age graves
History shortness
The heavens are young
The earth is young
Life is young
What about carbon dating and all that?
Radioactive dating assumptions
Radiometric Dating Assumptions
• Radiocarbon dating for living things and other methods for
non-living things (K-Ar, U-Pb, etc.)
• Radioactive decay is measurable and hence can be used as
a clock to measure ages
• Constant rate of decay
• C-14 has always been the same in air as present; that is,
equilibrium is assumed, the idea that the rate of C-14 decay
equals the C-14 production rate.
• No leeching occurred during transition from mother to
daughter element (Boundary condition, nothing coming into
the system)
• All of mother element transitioned into daughter element
(Boundary condition, nothing going out of the system)
• No daughter element was present at beginning (initial
condition)
Carbon dating
All fossils have young C-14 ages
Conventional : Millions
Standard C-14: < 70,000
Number of samples
Corrected C-14:
5,000
12
Coal, wood, shells,
bone, marble, natural
gas, CO2, calcite, oil.
10
8
6
4
2
0
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
Percent of modern C-14/C ratio
Carbon 14 contaminates all creatures
N14+cosmic radiation=C14
CO 2
Biosphere : Air, Plants, Animals, Soil, Sea
In Biosphere
today:
C-14
C-12
=
62 tons
75 trillion tons
1
=
1.2 trillion
One out of every trillion
carbon atoms in your body is radioactive !
When a creature dies,
carbon-14 in it slowly decreases.
C-14/C-12
Ratio
Decay
0
Birth
Death
Now
Time
Middle Tertiary (conventional ‘age’ of 33 Myr from Geologic Column) wood from Cr
Queensland, Australia, with uncorrected C-14 age of 44,700 years.
Wood in Jurassic siltstone (conventional ‘age’ of 185 Myr from Geologic
Column) Edgehill, England, with uncorrected C-14 age of 24,000 years.
Coalified wood from the Permian coal seam (conventional ‘age’ of 250 Myr
from Geologic Column) New South Wales, Australia, with
uncorrected C-14 age of 33,700 years.
Detection Limit for the AMS Method
The detection limit for the AMS method is about one 14C atom for
every 1017 12C atoms, or an absolute 14C/12C ratio of 10-17.
Since the modern 14C/12C ratio in living things is about 10-12, the
AMS method can measure ratios as low as about 10-5 times
(0.001%) the modern ratio (0.001 percent modern carbon or
pmc).
Assuming the modern 14C/12C ratio prevailed in the atmosphere
uniformly back in the past, 0.001 pmc corresponds to an age of
95,000 years.
Absolute Age Limitation for 14C
The observed 14C half-life of 5730 years implies the
number of 14C atoms in a sample is reduced by 1/2
every 5730 years.
After 40 half-lives or 229,200 years, the amount of
14C is diminished by a factor of (1/2)40 = 10-12.
This is 10-7 smaller than the AMS detection limit and
as such cannot be used beyond this limit.
Uniformitarian Age (years)
100,000
80,000
60,000
57,000 years
48,000 years
40,000
41,000 years
20,000
0.001
0.01
0.1
0.3
1
10
Percent Modern Carbon
Figure 1. Uniformitarian age as a function of 14C/C ratio in percent modern carbon (pmc).
The uniformitarian approach for interpreting the 14C data assumes a constant 14C
production rate and a constant biospheric carbon inventory extrapolated into the
indefinite past. It does not account for the possibility of a recent global catastrophe that
removed a large quantity of carbon from the biospheric inventory. Purple band shows
range of values for most ’14C dead’ biological samples.
TABLE 1. AMS Measurements on Samples Conventionally Deemed 14C ‘Dead’
As Reported in the Peer-Reviewed Radiocarbon Literature
Item
14C/C
Material
(pmc) (±1 S.D.)
Reference
1
0.71±?*
Marble
Aerts-Bijma et al. [1]
2
0.65±0.04
Shell
Beukens [8]
3
0.61±0.12
Foraminifera
Arnold et al. [2]
4
0.60±0.04
Commercial graphite
Schmidt et al. [36]
5
0.58±0.09
Foraminifera (Pyrgo murrhina)
Nadeau et al. [30]
6
0.54±0.04
Calcite
Beukens [8]
7
0.52±0.20
Shell (Spisula subtruncata)
Nadeau et al. [30]
8
0.52±0.04
Whale bone
Jull et al. [24]
9
0.51±0.08
Marble
Gulliksen & Thomsen [21]
10
0.5±0.1
Wood, 60 Ka
Gillespie & Hedges [19]
11
0.46±0.03
Wood
Beukens [8]
12
0.46±0.03
Wood
Vogel et al. [45]
13
0.44±0.13
Anthracite
Vogel et al. [45]
14
0.42±0.03
Anthracite
Grootes et al. [20]
15
0.401±0.084
Foraminifera (untreated)
Schleicher et al. [35]
16
0.40±0.07
Shell (Turitella communis)
Nadeau et al. [30]
17
0.383±0.045
Wood (charred)
Snelling [37]
18
0.358±0.033
Anthracite
Beukens et al. [9]
19
0.35±0.03
Shell (Varicorbula gibba)
Nadeau et al. [30]
20
0.342±0.037
Wood
Beukens et al. [9]
21
0.34±0.11
Recycled graphite
Arnold et al. [2]
22
0.32±0.06
Foraminifera
Gulliksen & Thomsen [21]
23
0.3±?
Coke
Terrasi et al. [43]
24
0.3±?
Coal
Schleicher et al. [35]
25
0.26±0.02
Marble
Schmidt et al. [36]
26
0.2334±0.061
Carbon powder
McNichol et al. [29]
27
0.23±0.04
Foraminifera (mixed species avg.)
Nadeau et al. [30]
28
0.211±0.018
Fossil wood
Beukens [8]
75
0.05±?
Carbon-12 (mass sp.)
Schmidt, et al. [36]
76
0.045–0.012 (m0.06)
Graphite
Grootes et al. [20]
77
0.04±?*
Graphite rod
Aerts-Bijma et al. [1]
78
0.04±0.01
Graphite (Finland)
Bonani et al. [14]
79
0.04±0.02
Graphite
Van der Borg et al. [44]
80
0.04±0.02
Graphite (Ceylon)
Bird et al. [12]
81
0.036±0.005
Graphite (air)
Schmidt et al. [36]
82
0.033±0.013
Graphite
Kirner et al. [25]
83
0.03±0.015
Carbon powder
Schleicher et al. [35]
84
0.030±0.007
Graphite (air redone)
Schmidt et al. [36]
85
0.029±0.006
Graphite (argon redone)
Schmidt et al. [36]
86
0.029±0.010
Graphite (fresh surface)
Schmidt et al. [36]
87
0.02±?
Carbon powder
Pearson et al. [33]
88
0.019±0.009
Graphite
Nadeau et al. [30]
89
0.019±0.004
Graphite (argon)
Schmidt et al. [36]
90
0.014±0.010
CaC2 (technical grade)
Beukens [10]
Number of Samples
Precambrian Samples indicate oldest ages of 57,000 years
(Preflood)
14
12
14
C/C Ratios Measured
in Non-Biological
Precambrian Samples
10
8
Mean: 0.062
Std dev: 0.034
6
4
2
0
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
Percent Modern Carbon
0.6
0.7
Phanerozoic Samples indicate ages of 41,000 to 57,000 years
(Post-flood)
10
Number of Samples
14
C/C Ratios Measured
in Biological
Phanerozoic Samples
8
6
Mean: 0.292
Std dev: 0.162
4
2
0
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
Percent Modern Carbon
0.6
0.7
How Do Uniformitarian Researchers Explain
Large Amounts of 14C in Samples That Should
Be Utterly 14C-Dead?
They refer to the 14C as ‘contamination,’ but most
admit that the 14C is intrinsic to their samples and
most further admit they have no explanation for its
origin.
Table 2.
Results of AMS 14C analysis of 10 RATE coal samples.
These
measurements were performed using the laboratory’s ‘high precision’ procedures
which involved four runs on each sample, the results of which were combined as a
weighted average and then reduced by 0.077±0.005 pmc to account for a ‘standard
background’ of contamination believed to be introduced by sample processing.
Sample
Coal Seam Name
State
County
Geological Interval
14C/C
DECS-1
Bottom
Texas
Freestone
Eocene
0.30±0.03
DECS-11
Beulah
North Dakota
Mercer
Eocene
0.20±0.02
DECS-25
Pust
Montana
Richland
Eocene
0.27±0.02
DECS-15
Lower Sunnyside
Utah
Carbon
Cretaceous
0.35±0.03
DECS-16
Blind Canyon
Utah
Emery
Cretaceous
0.10±0.03
DECS-28
Green
Arizona
Navajo
Cretaceous
0.18±0.02
DECS-18
Kentucky #9
Kentucky
Union
Pennsylvanian
0.46±0.03
DECS-21
Lykens Valley #2
Pennsylvania
Columbia
Pennsylvanian
0.13±0.02
DECS-23
Pittsburgh
Pennsylvania
Washington
Pennsylvanian
0.19±0.02
DECS-24
Illinois #6
Illinois
Macoupin
Pennsylvanian
0.29±0.03
(pmc)
Number of Samples
6
Coal 14C
AMS Results
5
4
Mean: 0.247
Std dev: 0.109
3
2
1
0
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
Percent Modern Carbon
0.6
0.7
Histogram representation of AMS 14C analysis of ten coal
samples undertaken by RATE 14C research project.
RATE Analyses Support Already
Published Results
RATE AMS analyses have served to increase the
confidence level in the published 14C levels and to
confirm that the variation in the values across the fossilbearing part of the record is surprisingly small.
The case that intrinsic 14C at levels in the range 0.1-0.5 pmc
exists in all pre-Ice Age fossil organic materials now appears
to be an all but established scientific fact.
Uniformity of 14C Values With Depth
in the Geological Record
When we average our
results over geological
intervals,
we
obtain
remarkably
similar
values of 0.26 pmc for
the Eocene, 0.21 pmc for
the Cretaceous, and 0.27
pmc
for
the
Pennsylvanian
coal
samples.
Evidence for Global Cataclysm
The fact that the 14C/12C ratios cluster about a
common value of about 0.25 pmc, regardless of
geological ‘age’ is compelling evidence that all this
fossil
organic
material
was
buried
contemporaneously
not
so
long
ago.
This is consistent with the account in Genesis of a
global Flood that destroyed most of the air-breathing
life on the planet in a single year-long cataclysm.
But how does one reconcile 14C dates of 40,00060,000 years ago for fossil organisms buried in
the Genesis Flood with the Biblical date of about
5000 years ago?
The Genesis flood removed
much carbon from the biosphere.
Plants, soil, animals
Coal, oil,
natural gas
There is much less carbon in today’s biosphere.
The C-14 / C-12 ratio was
much smaller before the flood.
Pre-flood
Now
C-14
likely < 30 tons
62 tons
C-12
> 7500 trillion tons
Ratio
< 0.008 trillionth
75 trillion tons
0.83 trillionth
Preflood ratio: Less than 1 % of today
The C-14 / C-12 ratio increased
rapidly after the Flood.
Ratio
~ 1%
of today
0
Ice Age
1
1 Trillion
Flood
Now
The fastest change was during the Ice Age.
Time
C-14 data supports rapid C-14 increase
during the Ice Age
Ice-age dating discrepancies
Wooly mammoth C-14 ages:
leg bones — 17,575 ± 550 yrs
ribs — 20,400 ± 450 yrs
R.E. Lee, 1982
By not accounting for the Flood,
uniformitarianism yields excessive C-14 ages.
Uniformitarian
Assumption
Ratio
Ratio in atmosphere
Flood
Wrong
"Age,”
10,000 yr
Creation
Ratio in fossil
True
Age,
5,000 yr
Time
Now
C-14 Detected in South African Diamond
Indicates Earth is Young!
In a report released in July 2003, radiocarbon lab
finds level of C-14 in South African diamond 100
times above the detection threshold.
Result
appears to limit the age of the Earth to mere
thousands of years.
Number of Samples
14
12
14
C/C Ratios Measured
in Non-Biological
Precambrian Samples
10
8
Mean: 0.062
Std dev: 0.034
6
RATE diamond sample, Kimberley, South Africa
AMS 14C/C ratio: 0.096±0.026 pmc
4
2
0
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
Percent Modern Carbon
0.6
0.7
Significance of 14C in Precambrian Samples
The presence of reproducible 14C well above AMS
instrument threshold levels in essentially every
Precambrian sample reported in the literature
suggests that these samples contain primordial 14C!
This implies the physical earth itself must be only
thousands, as opposed to billions, of years old!
Summary of 14C Results
The 14C data provide some of the clearest radioisotope
evidence yet for a few thousand year age for the fossil
record. These data also provide strong support for a
uniform age for all but the topmost part of this record.
As such they provide compelling positive evidence
that this record is the product of a single, recent,
global Flood cataclysm. Moreover, 14C in Precambrian
samples puts a severe limit of the age of the earth
itself.
What about other nonliving radiometric methods?
Recent measurement of helium diffusion rate gives
nuclear evidence for a young world!
Evidence indicates 1.5 billion years worth of nuclear
decay occurred within roughly the last 6000 years!
Tiny zircon crystals in the Earth’s
continental crust are radioactive.
0.75
µm
--contain uranium
and thorium atoms
Radioactive decay makes helium.
Eight
Helium
Atoms
The helium diffuses out of the zircons.
Lightweight
Fast-moving
Non-reacting
Helium
Atom
Crystal Atoms
Helium moves through the crystal and
through cracks at crystal boundaries.
The helium is still in the zircons.
Radioisotope age: “1.5 Billion years”
Helium retained in zircons
percent of 1.5 Billion year’s worth:
Sample
Depth
Temp.(º
Helium
(meters)
C)
(%)
1
960
105
58
2
2170
151
27
3
2900
197
17
4
3502
239
1.2
5
3930
277
0.1
Fenton Hill, New Mexico
Los Alamos geothermal site
He diffusion data support a youthful earth!
Latest data:
10
July, 2003
50-75 µm zircon size
lower temperatures
Jemez Zircon Data
10
10
D (cm2/sec)
RATE diffusion
measurements
confirm a short
time span
for all the
nuclear decay:
5680 ± 2000 yr.
-11
10
10
10
10
-13
Diffusion Measurements
-15
-17
-19
-21
-23
1.5
2
1000 / Temperature (°K)
2.5
Two zircon “clocks” disagree by factor
of more than 250,000!
Helium diffusion:
5680 ± 2000 years
Uranium nuclear decay:
1.5 billion years
The nuclear decay rate
Could have been dramatically higher
during brief intervals in the past.
Helium leakage deflates billion-year dates
U-238
Microscopic zircons
Uranium-lead age:
“1.5 Billion years”
Helium Leak
Age:
6,000 years
Pb-206
RATE documentation is available
Layman’s articles
Books
Technical articles
Distant star light
“Quantized” galaxy red shifts
imply the cosmos has a center
… and our own Milky Way galaxy is the center !
… evidence for Intelligent Design !
Relativity allows
a cosmos with a center to be young
Other Indicators of a Young Earth
Other Indicators of a Young Earth
• Based on the production of atmospheric helium, the
atmosphere is less than 10,000 years old. Mason,
Principles of Geochemistry,Wiley (1952) 186:
M.Cook,"Where is the Earth's Radiogenic
Helium,"Nature,179 (1957), p. 223.
• High concentrations of Hydrogen in the universe speaks
of a youthful universe. Hoyle, The Nature of the Universe,
N.Y., Harper (1960) p. 125.
• The present level of atmospheric Oxygen could be
generated within 5000 yrs. assuming no Oxygen to start
with. G.Ehrensvard, Life,Origin, and Development, Univ.
of Chicago (1962) p. 135.
• If the earth were white hot at the beginning over billions
of years ago coupled with the spin of the earth, we would
get mountains 40 miles high at the equator. They don’t
exist (Kelvin)
Other
Indicators
of of
a Young
Earth
(cont.)
Other
Indicators
a Young
Earth
• The sun burns up 1% of its mass every 1000 yrs., thus the
earth cannot be 5 billions yrs. old.
• Based on the slowing down of the earth's spin it cannot be 5
billion years old. A.Fisher,"The Riddle of the Leap Second,"
Popular Science,202(1973),110.
• Erosion: wind and dust would have eroded the earth away 5
times at the current rate if it was 5 billion years old. Sharp
cliffs, mountains,and oceans little affected by erosion
indicate a young earth.
• Niagara Falls is less than 10,000 yrs. old.
• Dendrochronology: All living trees are less than 6000 yrs.
• By measuring the rate of growth of Mississippi delta, its age
is about 4000 years.
Easy-to-read books document these data
Internet sites can help you
1. Institute for Creation Research
ICR.org
2. Answers in Genesis
AnswersInGenesis.org
3. Creation Research Society
CreationResearch.org
Conclusion
The Designer made a young world
Data for youth heavily
outweighs data for age
Young
Data for age
has other explanations
So you can trust the Bible
C-14
Old