Wilfredo Summers 1. Preterite vs Imperfect 2. Por and para 3. Possessive adjectives and pronouns 4. Commands 5. El Modo Subjunctivo 6. Verbs of will and influence 7. Verbs of emotion 8. Doubt, disbelief and denial 9. Conjunctions 1. Subjunctive in adjective clauses 2. Tu commands 3. Nosotros commands 4. Past participles used as adjectives 5. Present Perfect 6. Past Perfect 7. Future tense 8. Conditional tense 9. Past subjenctuve Definite Indefinite hablar comer vivir hablar comer vivir hablé comí viví hablaba comía vivía hablaste comiste viviste hablabas comías vivías habló comió vivió hablaba comía vivía hablamos comimos vivimos hablábamos comíamos vivíamos hablasteis comisteis vivisteis hablabais comíais vivíais hablaron comieron vivieron hablaban comían vivían Por • Motion or a general location • Duration of an action • Object of a search • Means by which something is done • Exchange or substitution • Unit of measure Para • Destination • Deadline or a specific time in the future • Purpose or goal + infinitive • Purpose + infinitive • The recipient of something • Comparison or opinions • Employment Short Form Long Form Singular Long Form Plural Mi(s) Nuestro(a/os/aas) Tu(s) Vuestro(a/os/as) Su(s) Su(s) Mio(a) Nuestro(a) Tuyo(a) Vuestro(a) Suyo(a) Suyo(a) Mios(as) Nuestros(as) Tuyos(as) Vuestros(as) Suyos(as) Suyos(as) To form a possessive pronoun: • Use the long form of the possessive adjective. • Add el, la, los, las based on the gender and number of the noun. Attach the pronouns to a reflexive when using a reflexive in the infinitive form Tu Ud./Uds. DOP + IOP + “se” Put it in ‘yo’ form and change to opposite vowel Can attach to an affirmative Same as above Must go before the negative command Simply drop the s Affirmative Negative Irregulars- di, haz, ve pon, sal, sé, ten, ven Put in ‘yo’ form and change to opposite vowel, add an ‘s’ Irregulars-TV DISHES • For most verbs, the present subjunctive is formed by following these three steps: • Start with the yo form of the present indicative. • Then drop the -o ending. • Finally, add the following endings: • -ar verbs: -e, -es, -e, -emos, -éis, -en • -er and -ir verbs: -a, -as, -a, -amos, -áis, -an • dar - to give • dé des dé demos deis den • estar - to be • esté estés esté estemos estéis estén • haber - to have (auxiliary verb) • haya hayas haya hayamos hayáis hayan • ir - to go • vaya vayas vaya vayamos vayáis vayan • saber - to know • sepa sepas sepa sepamos sepáis sepan • ser - to be • sea seas sea seamos seáis sean Aconsejarto advise Sugerir (e>ie)- to suggest Rogar (o>ue)- to beg, to plead Importar- to be important: to matter Verbs of will and influence Recomendar (e>ie)- to recommend Insistir (en)to insist (on) Mandar- to order Prohibir- to prohibit Alegrarse (de) To be happy Temer To be afraid; to fear Esperar To hope, to wish Sentir (e-ie) Es triste It’s sad To be sorry, to regret Sorprender To surprise Ojála (que) I hope (that); I wish (that) Dudar Negar (e-ie) Es imposible • To doubt • To deny • It’s impossible Es improbable No es cierto No es seguro • It’s improbable • It’s not true/certain • It’s not certain No es verdad • It’s not true A menos que • Unless En caso (de) que • In case (that) Antes (de) que Con tal (de) que • Before • Provided that Para que Sin que • So that • without • The subjunctive can be used in adjective clauses to indicate that the existence of someone or something is uncertain or indefinite. • The subjunctive is used in an adjective clause that refers to a person, place, thing, or idea that either does not exist or whose existence is uncertain or indefinite. • The indicative is used when the adjective clause refers to a person, place , thing, or idea that is clearly known, certain, or definite. Tu Simply drop the s Affirmative Irregulars- di, haz, ve pon, sal, sé, ten, ven Negative Put in ‘yo’ form and change to opposite vowel, add an ‘s’ Irregulars-TV DISHES • Put in first person form • Add amos/emos and change the vowel • If IOP or DOP, add them on the end if affirmative and before the verb for negative; add accent • If reflexive, add nos or se at the end and take away the s on amos/emos Ex. Comámonos; add accent • Also called monkey verbs • Ar-ado • Ir/Er-ido • Use this when writing an english adjective endind in –ed • His car is washed. • Su coche está lavado. • • • • • He Has Ha Hemos Han • • • • Use when writing someone has done something. The second verb looks like a past participle He has ran. El ha corrido. • To say that something in the past has done something • Use infinitive + past participle había habías había habíamos habíais habían Los Irregulares • I will • Infinitive + Decir Dir- Hacer Har- Poner Pondr- -é -emos Salir Saldr- -ás -éis Tener Tendr- Venir Vendr- Poder Podr Querer Querr- Saber Sabr- Haber Habr- -á -án • Would/should/could • Infinitive+ -iá -iámos -iás -iáis -iá -ián All endings are the same for er, ir, and ar berbs. The irregulars are the same as the future tense Drop the ending –ron ending from the preterite -ra, -ras, -ra, ramos, -ran NOTE: Used in same context and situations as the present subjunctive. It generally describes actions, events and conditions that have already happened. The IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE