U.S. HISTORY I
CHAPTER 10
WORLD WAR I and
Beyond
(1914-1920)
U.S. History I
Chapter 10 Section 1
“From Neutrality to War”
3.1, 9.3, 9.4
What Caused WWI?

1. Nationalism/Competition

2. Imperialism/Militarism

3. Alliances

4. Chain Reaction
1. NATIONALISM
– 1900: Pan-German Movement
 Germany & Austria’s idea to unite all
German speaking countries
– Pan-Slavic Movement
 Russia’s plan to bring all Slavic speaking
countries together
* Bosnia: Slavic speaking; annexed by Austria
2. IMPERIALISM

Russia vs. Austria: Balkans (Bosnia)
 Italy vs. Austria: Disputed borders
 France vs. Germany: Alsace & Lorraine:
Germany Lost to France in 1871
 Germany vs. Russia: German expansion
Eastward
 ***Bigger meant better!!
RESULT OF RIVALRY: Militarism

Militarism: Glorification of Military
 Huge military buildup
– Conscription: Males of certain age “required”
to serve in military
– Eg. Russia: 8,000,000 troops
 Germany: Well trained army
 Britain: Strong Navy
3. ALLIANCES

1. Triple Alliance
– Germany
– Austria-Hungary
– Italy
 Italy later joined
the allies because
of disputes with
Austria.

2. Triple Entente
– France
– Russia
– Great Britain
4. CHAIN REACTION
1. June 28th 1914:
Archduke Franz Ferdinand
(Heir to Austrian Throne)
murdered (Gavrillo
Princip)
-Austria blamed Serbia
-Declared war on
Serbia
¶ 2. Russia declared war on
Austria/Germany
3. Germany declared war
on Russia/France
4. Germany invaded
France through
Belgium
5. Great Britain declared
war on Germany

EARLY STAGES

Central Powers

Allied Powers
– Germany
– France
– Austria-Hungary
– Russia
Later joined by…
- Ottoman Empire
- Bulgaria
– Great Britain
• 28 countries
• United States
• ITALY: later
POLITICAL LEADERS
ALLIES

United States: Woodrow Wilson
 Great Britain: David Lloyd George: (PM)
 Italy: Vittorio Orlando
 France: Georges Clemenceau
 Russia: Czar Nicholas II
– *Would eventually be ousted as Czar during the
Russian Revolution
– Vladimir I. Lenin would assume control
POLITICAL LEADERS
CENTRAL POWERS

GERMANY: KAISER WILHELM II

Austria/Hungary: Hapsburg Dynasty

Ottoman Empire: Sultan Mehmed V Resat
*All three considered empires!
END OF DAY I
DAY II
Begin…
“von”SCHLIEFFIN PLAN:1905

Germany’s plan to win the war quickly on
both the eastern and western fronts.
– 1. Invade France Through Belgium
– 2. Capture Paris
– 3. Move resources to eastern front to invade
Russia before Russian army is mobilized:


Would take Russia six weeks to mobilize army
Did not count on Great Britain entering the war!
SCHLIEFFIN PLAN
WARFARE IN THE WEST

Western Front: Fighting in France
 GERMANY: Moved into France and
pushed as far as the Marne River.(40Miles
from Paris)
 Oct. 1914: Germany Stopped and Pushed
back into Belgium
 Gen. Ferdinand Foch(France)
– Ordered troops to “Dig-in”
Deadly Technology Leads to a
STALEMATE

Allied and German
troops dig a series of
trenches that stretch
400 miles.
– North Sea to
Switzerland
FERDINAND FOCH>
TRENCH WARFARE

Lasted 1914-1918
Instruments of Death
“Old Ideas vs. New
Technology”
 Machine Guns

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Heavy Artillery
Poison Gas(Germany)
Tanks
Airplanes
U-Boats
Casualties: Number of
Soldiers killed, wounded,
or missing
** Number Exploded
U-BOAT DIAGRAM
U.S. Neutrality

Woodrow Wilson wanted to remain neutral
 American Opinions split on who to support
 Expects U-Boats to warn civilian ships
before sinking
 Also, U-boats must rescue survivors
 *German U-boats continue to attack U.S.
Merchant ships without warning!
Neutrality Gives Way to
War

Britain Blockaded
Germany
Contra-band: Goods used to
fight a war



German Submarines
called “U-Boats” ruled the
seas.
1915: Germany Declares
War on British Isles
Sinks 1,000 ships in one
month!!
Sinking of the Lusitania

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May 7, 1915
Lusitania sunk off
coast of Ireland by a
German U-Boat
Was a civilian ship
Sunk in 18 minutes
1,198 killed: Most
were women and
children
128 Americans killed!
SUSSEX PLEDGE

Germany sinks the Sussex
 It was a French passenger ship
 Wilson was furious
 Germany and the United States sign the
Sussex Pledge
– Germany agrees to warn merchant ships and
save passengers
– **Wilson re-elected on “neutrality” ticket
THE ZIMMERMANN NOTE

Intercepted by British
 Written by Arthur Zimmermann: German
Ambassador to Mexico
 “If Mexico would join Germany against the U.S.,
Then Germany promised to restore New Mexico,
Texas, and Arizona to Mexico
 *** Germany then proceeds to target American
Merchant ships “Without Warning”
“The Yankees are Coming!”

April 6, 1917: The
United States declares
war on Germany

Wilson: “This will be
a war to end all wars.”
U.S. History I
Chapter 10 Section 2
“The Home Front”
3.1, 3.7, 3.9
Commitment

Once the United States decided to commit
to WWI, ALL citizens had to contribute
 1. Soldiers: Selective Service Act: Draft
 Conscientious Objector: Moral beliefs
forbids one to fight
 2. Money: Bernard Baruch: WIB
 3. Supplies: Conserve
 4. Public Opinion: George Creel: President
– Committee on Public Information:
“Educate” Public
 5. Loyalty: Espionage Act: “Treasonable”
Newspaper Articles and Speeches Banned
 *Schenck v. U.S.: Upheld against speech
 *Abrams v. U.S.: Upheld against print
RECRUITMENT POSTERS
FINANCIAL POSTERS
Anti-German Posters
The Great Migration

Many African Americans Moved north for
war industry jobs (Chicago…etc)
 Many Mexican Immigrants enter the U.S.
for war jobs (Los Angeles)
U.S. History I
Chapter 10 Section 3
“Wilson, War, and Peace”
3.1, 3.3, 3.4

Convoy System
Troop transports that
were traveling across
the Atlantic Ocean
would be surrounded
and protected by
American and British
warships to ensure that
they made it safely to
Europe
 1917: Vladimir Lenin:
Over threw Czar
Nicholas II: Russia
Surrendered
American Troops Distinguish
Themselves
 John J. Pershing:




American Commander
The U.S. impact on
the war was almost
immediate
U.S. troops broke the
stalemate on the
western front
U.S. troops push
Germans through the
Argonne Forest
Dense Natural Barriers
The “Great War” Ends!

By Oct. 1918: The tide of
the war had been turned
and Germany wanted
peace
 Wilson offered “14 point”
peace plan
 November 11th, 1918
 Armistice signed
 “The 11th hour of the 11th
day of the 11th month”
1918
 *8,000,000 Soldiers killed
Pictures of Destruction

Verdun Palace: Before
and after
Destruction… Continued

Esnes: French Village
WILSON’S PEACE PLAN
“Fourteen Points” Peace w/o
Victory
 1. Ban Secret Treaties
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2. Guarantee Freedom of the Seas
3. Remove International Tariff Barriers
4. Reduce Armaments
5. Adjust Colonial Claims (Respect Colonial
Peoples)
6. Territory Changes Based on Self-Determination
7. Formation of a League of Nations
*Other Points Dealt with Border Adjustments and
the freeing of captured territories
Henry Cabot Lodge: Did not support plan
America Rejects Treaty

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June 28, 1919: Treaty of Versailles
Germany…
1. Lost Colonies (Alsace and Lorraine)
2. Lost Coal Mines
3. Forced to reduce army
4. Navy crippled
5. Germany had to pay $33 Billion in reparations
– *Very Strict Terms*
– “Irreconcilables”: Isolationists (did not like treaty)
– Reservationists: Did not like wording in League of
Nations Plan
U.S. History I
Chapter 10 Section 4
“Effects of the War”
3.1, 4.3, 9.3
Flu “Pandemic” Grips the Nation

Influenza: 1918-1919:
Unusually strong strain of
flu hits the world: Began
in Spain and was taken
home by soldiers of WWI
 550,000 Americans Killed
by flu: 116,000 died in
WWI!
 50,000-100,000,000
People die world-wide!
 15,000,000 killed during
WWI!
Women and African Americans
Confront New Realities

1919: Chicago: Race Riots Erupt after a
black man is drowned by whites
 Women told to go back home
 Inflation: Rise in cost of goods was high
 U.S. in a Recession
The Red Scare

Red = Color most commonly associated
w/communism
 Red Scare: Fear of Communism
 Palmer Raids: Thousands of “suspected”
communists and immigrants were rounded
up and deported from U.S.
 ACLU formed to “protect” civil liberties
Sacco and Vanzetti Executed

Nicola Sacco (Right)
 Bartolomeo Vanzetti
 Two Italian
immigrants, and
known anarchists who
were convicted of
murder and executed
on weak evidence
 Many protested
Americans Embrace Normalcy

Warren G. Harding: Elected President in
1920 and promised to return the country to
“Normalcy”
 1920: U.S. most powerful and wealthy
nation in the world
 Creditor Nation: Other nations owed the
U.S. more than it owed them
 Americans adjust to role as the “Quiet
Giant”