for student copying

• transports substances & maintains homeostasis in the body

• hemophobia: fear of blood
• hemostasis: bleeding is under control
• hematocyte: blood cell
• hematemesis: vomiting blood
• hematuria: bloody urine
• hematopoiesis: formation of blood cells

• is a type of CT made up of scattered cells & a liquid matrix

1. Cells (45%)
– RBCs
– WBCs
– Platelets (plts)
2. Plasma (55%)
– water, a.a., proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, vitamins, hormones, electrolytes, cellular waste

• vol of blood cells in a sample of blood
• blood centrifuged then % cells figured
• normal levels:
– Newborns: 55-68%
– 10 yr olds: 36-40%
– Women: 38-46%
– Men: 42-54%

• erythrocytes, hematocytes, corpuscles
– formed in bone marrow
• shape: biconcave disc
– allows for optimal surface area for diffusion of O
2
& CO
2
• 5 million/mm3
• no nucleus
– so no cell division
• live about 120 days
– then phagocytosed in liver & spleen

1. transport O
2 thru out body (lungs  cells)
– hemoglobin: (hgb) large protein that O
2 attaches to inside RBC
2. transports CO
2 thru out body (cells  lungs)

• oxyhemoglobin: plenty of oxygen being carried in RBCs, blood is bright red
• deoxyhemoglobin: not carrying much oxygen, blood is burgundy-red

• critical element needed to make hgb & normal RBCs
• most of body’s Fe is in RBCs
– in heme portion

• hormone secreted by kidneys stimulates formation of more RBCs by bone marrow
– requires: vit B12 & Folic Acid

• leukocytes
• general function: defend the body against pathogens

Type
Granulocytes
Name Function
Neutrophils aka
PMNs polymorphoneutrophils very active in phagocyting bacteria & are present in large #s in pus of wounds, most common of all types, normal= 60% of WBCs
Picture
(granular cytoplasm)
Eosinophils attack parasites, control allergic reactions
2% of WBC count

type
Granulocytes continued
Agranulaocytes
(lacking granular cytoplasm)
Name Function
Basophils
Monocytes produces heparin
(prevents blood clots) & histamines
(inflammatory reaction)
1% of WBC precursors of macrophages;
6% of WBC
Picture
Lymphocytes main cell of immune system
30% of WBC

• thrombocytes
• cell fragments formed from megakaryocyte, live ~4 days
• help initiate formation of blood clots
– release clotting factors

• 92% water
• Functions:
– transport nutrients, gases, vitamins, hormones
– maintain fluid & electrolyte balance
– maintains normal pH

1. Albumins
– made in liver
– maintain osmotic pressure & blood vol.
2. Globulins
– α & β, from liver
– transport lipids & fat-soluble vitamins
3. Fibrinogen
– from liver, largest of plasma proteins
– in blood clotting  fibrin

• process of stopping bleeding
1. blood vessel spasm
– damaged vessel  smooth muscle to contract  slows or stops blood loss
– plts release serotonin (vasoconstrictor)
2. plt plug forms
– plts become sticky forming plug over damaged area
3. Coagulation
– forms hematoma/fibrinogen  fibrin

• when tissue damaged  damaged cells release prothrombin activator
(with Ca++)
• prothrombin  thrombin
• thrombin acts as enzyme to cause fibrinogen  fibrin
• fibrin traps plts & RBCs to form hematoma (blood clot w/in vessel)