Honors Anatomy
Chapter 17
 is
a type of CT made up of scattered cells
& a liquid matrix
 well oxygenated- scarlet
 poorly oxygenated – dark red
1.
Cells (45%)



2.
RBCs
WBCs
Platelets (plts)
Plasma (55%)

water, a.a., proteins, carbohydrates,
lipids, vitamins, hormones, electrolytes,
cellular waste
 vol
of blood cells in a sample of blood
 blood centrifuged then % cells figured
 normal levels:




Newborns: 55-68%
10 yr olds: 36-40%
Women: 38-46%
Men: 42-54%
 transports

substances
maintains homeostasis in the body





regulates body temperature
maintains normal pH in body tissues
maintains adequate fluid vol.
protects against blood loss (hemostasis)
prevents infection (abys, WBCs)
 hemophobia:
fear of blood
 hemostasis: bleeding is under control
 hematocyte: blood cell
 hematemesis: vomiting blood
 hematuria: bloody urine
 hematopoiesis: formation of blood cells
 ~90%
water
 Functions:
transport
nutrients, gases,
vitamins,
hormones
 maintain fluid &
electrolyte balance
 maintains normal
pH

1.
Albumins


2.
Globulins


3.
made in liver/ 60% of plasma proteins
maintain osmotic pressure & blood vol.
α & β, from liver
transport lipids & fat-soluble vitamins
Fibrinogen


from liver, largest of plasma proteins
in blood clotting  fibrin
 erythrocytes,

formed in bone marrow
 shape:

hematocytes, corpuscles
biconcave disc
allows for optimal surface area for diffusion of O2 &
CO2
5
million/mm3
 no nucleus

so no cell division
 live

about 120 days (no nucleus, mitochondria)
then phagocytosed in liver & spleen
1.
transport O2 thru out body (lungs 
cells)

2.
hemoglobin: (hgb) large protein
that O2 attaches to inside RBC
transports CO2 (~20%) thru out body
(cells  lungs)
 oxyhemoglobin:
 plenty
of oxygen being carried in
RBCs, blood is bright red
 deoxyhemoglobin:
 not
carrying much oxygen, blood is
burgundy-red
 critical
element needed to make hgb & normal
RBCs
 most of body’s Fe is in RBCs
 in
heme portion
 formation
of blood cells
 in red bone marrow
 RBCs
cells
arise from hematopoietic stem
 ~15
days from stem cell to reticulocyte
 enter blood stream transporting oxygen
 ~2 more days  mature RBC
 1 – 2% of all erythrocytes
 count
gives indication of rate of blood
cell formation
 RBCs
lifespan 100 – 120 days
 cannot
make new proteins or
organelles (no nucleus)
 become rigid, fragile  block
smaller vessels
 spleen filters out damaged RBCs
 engulfed by macrophages
 “lacking
blood”
 condition in which O2 carrying
capacity is too low to support normal
metabolism
 it‘s a sign of some disorder not a
disease
 3 basic causes:
1. Blood loss
2. RBC production low
3. RBC destruction more than normal
 Hemorrhagic
Anemia
Acute
1.


rapid, heavy
tx‘d with blood transfusions
Chronic
2.



slight, persistent blood loss
example: GI bleed, menorrhagia
tx‘d by treating underying cause
Fe-deficiency Anemia
1.




often 2° to hemorrhagic anemia
or from lo Fe consumption in diet
RBCs small: microcytic, pale
tx‘d: Fe supplements or increase in diet
Pernicious Anemia
2.





autoimmune disease
elderly’s stomach mucosa cells that
release intrinsic factor damaged
less absorption of Vit B12 in intestines
RBCs macrocytic, grow but cannot divide
tx‘d: B12 shots
 Microcytic
RBCs
Macrocytic
RBCs
 most
cases, cause unknown
 Hallmark: marrow destruction
 all
blood cells depleted: see
clotting defects, immunity
impaired
 tx‘d:
stopgap: transfusions
 stem
cells/ bone marrow transplant
Thalassemias
1.




Mediterreanean descent, many
subtypes
1 of globin chains absent or faulty
mild  severe cases
tx‘d: monthly transfusions
Sickle Cell
2.




Β chains have 1 abnormal amino acid
RBCs sickle in conditions of lo O2 
block small blood vessels  lo O2
delivery causes pain, SOB
tx‘d: transfusions/ O2
new: inhale nitric oxide  dilates
 leukocytes
 general
function: defend the body against
pathogens
Type
Name
Function
Granulocytes
Neutrophils
aka
PMNs
polymorphoneutrophils
very active in
phagocyting bacteria
& are present in large
#s in pus of wounds,
most common of all
types, normal= 60% of
WBCs
Eosinophils
attack parasites,
control allergic
reactions
2% of WBC count
(granular
cytoplasm)
Picture
type
Name
Function
Granulocytes
continued
Basophils
produces heparin
(prevents blood clots)
& histamines
(inflammatory
reaction)
1% of WBC
Agranulaocytes
(lacking
granular
cytoplasm)
Monocytes
precursors of
macrophages;
6% of WBC
Lymphocytes
main cell of immune
system
30% of WBC
Picture
 thrombocytes
 cell
fragments formed from megakaryocyte,
live ~4 days
 help initiate formation of blood clots

release clotting factors
 glycoproteins
on plasma membranes of
RBCs act as antigens (agns):anythin
that induces immune response
 RBCs from different blood type will
agglutinate (clump)
 ABO & Rh blood groups cause vigorous
transfusion reactions if not properly
matched
 ~85%
of Americans Rh+
 antibodies not spontaneously in human
blood