J.R. Schiller, Ph.D., G.R., Pitts, Ph.D., and A.L. Thompson, Ph.D.

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The appendicular skeleton The fetal skeleton Joint models Joint classifications (structural and functional) Types of joints Movements allowed at a joint

The Appendicular Skeleton (tan)

 The bones appended to the axial skeleton:  Can be broken down into subgroups to facilitate learning: • Pectoral girdle attaches upper appendages • Upper appendage: arm, forearm, wrist, hand • Pelvic girdle attaches lower appendages – Be able to distinguish male versus female – Especially important as relates to childbirth • Lower appendage: thigh, leg, ankle, foot  Learn all bones and bone markings on the list on p.5-2 of the lab manual

Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limb
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The angle of the pubic arch is key

Reflects larger pelvic inlet/outlet of female

Other sexual differences of Pelves  Females have wide, broad of male pelve greater sciatic notches , moderate to deep preauricular sulci, auricular surfaces in females exhibit moderate to pronounced elevation compared to same features

Bones of the Right Foot  Need know only talus and calcaneous of tarsals  Metatarsals  Phalanges

Arches of the Foot The Triple Arch Design greatly increases efficiency of Bipedal Locomotion.

 The red areas represent the ossified parts of bones

• Intramembranous ossification • Sutures fuse after birth • flexible to squeeze through pelvic outlet • skull can expand to accommodate brain growth.

 Structural    Fibrous - bones joined by fibrous connective tissue; no joint cavity Cartilaginous - bones joined by cartilage; no joint cavity Synovial - bones separated by fluid filled cavity  Functional    Synarthroses - non-movable Amphiarthroses - slightly movable Diarthroses - freely movable

Fibrous Joints  Suture - wavy border with dense fibrous connective tissue which penetrates into both bone  Syndesmosis connected by a ligament  Gomphosis - peg in a socket (teeth)

Cartilaginous Joints  Synchondroses  hyaline cartilage   epiphyseal plate • most limb bones most ribs to sternum  Symphyses  fibrocartilage  pelvis, vertebrae

Synovial Joints  General Structure  articular cartilage      synovial (joint) cavity articular capsule synovial fluid reinforcing ligaments meniscus – (not illustrated) • fibrocartilage pad, • e.g., tempero-mandibular joint (TMJ) and tibio femoral (knee) joint

Gliding (plane) joint  Flat planes gliding over each other  Intercarpal and intertarsal joints

 Cylindrical projection fits into a notch  Ulna and humerus  Tibia and femur  Interphalangeal joints

 Rounded end of one bone protrudes into sleeve or ring of bone or ligaments  Atlas (C1) and dens of the axis (C2)  Proximal radio-ulnar joint

 Rounded (convex) articulating surface of one bone fits into concave depression on the other bone  Radio-carpal joints  Metacarpal phalangeal joints

 Each articular surface has both convex and concave areas  Carpo-metacarpal joint of the thumb

 Spherical or hemispherical head of one bone articulates with cuplike socket  Provides greatest rotational flexibility  Shoulder  Hip  Special cases of a condyloid joint which is capable of circumduction

Know the Terminology for Types of Motions in Your Lab Guide Gliding Rotation Flexion/Extension Abduction/Adduction Circumduction Special Movements

Total Knee Replacement; ~$16,000