KINGDOM: Protista
PHYLUM: Sarcodina
CLASS: Sarcodina
GENUS: Amoeba
SPECIES: Amoeba proteus
Amoeba
Movement

Amoeboid movement
 Pseudopodium
○ Endoplasm will stream toward a portion of the
plasma membrane, causing a bulge to form.
This bulge is gradually extended into a long
pseudopod. The cytoplasm then flows into
the pseudopod and draws the plasma
membrane with it.
 Oozes
Body Covering

Plasma membrane
 outer layer that helps in filtering
 Flexible
 Allows organism to constantly change shape

Cyst
 In unfavorable conditions (dryness, lack of
food) the amoeba will protect itself by
becoming a cyst
Support

Ectoplasm
 Clear fluid just inside the plasma membrane

Endoplasm
 cytoplasm inside the organism that contains
all of the cytoplasmic organelles
Nutrition

Phagocytosis
 Pseudopodia engulf the food particles
sealing it into a food vacuole
Respiration
• Exchange dissolved gases with environment
Circulation
Open circulatory system within the
organism
 Contractile vacuole – expels extra water

Excretion

Soluble wastes diffuse to environment
Responses

Cyst – response to harsh environmental
conditions; metabolic rates slows and
forms a hard exterior coating for
protection
Reproduction

Asexual
 Binary Fission
 Conjugation
Phylum:Ciliophora
Class:Ciliatea
Genus:Paramecium
Paramecium
Movement

Cilia
 Small hair-like structures that beat
rhythmically to either propel the organism
toward the food or to move the food toward
the organism.
 Completely surrounding the organism
Body Covering

Pellicle
 Firm, flexible protein-rich covering that is
external to the cell membrane
 Slipper-shaped
Support
Pellicle is firm and maintains shape
 Cytoplasm helps to maintain shape

Nutrition
Oral groove – funnel-shaped indentation
lined with cilia that will sweep food into
the mouth pore
 Mouth pore – opening to the gullet
 Gullet – short tube connecting the gullet
to the food vacuole
 Food vacuole – will travel through
cytoplasm allowing enzymes from
lysosomes will digest food.

Respiration
• Exchange dissolved gases with environment
Circulation

Open circulatory system within the
organism
Excretion

Contractile Vacuole (2) –
 Star-shaped
 uses pinocytosis to injest or expel water that
has dissolved nutrients
 Soluble wastes diffuse to environment
through plasma membrane

Anal pore
 expels insoluble wastes
Responses

Taxes
 Generally respond to touch
 Generally a change in speed or direction

Trichocysts
 Tiny organelles under the pellicle that
discharge stiff filaments into the water as a
defense mechanism
Reproduction

Asexual
 Binary Fission
○ Micronucleus divides by mitosis
○ Macronucleus, containing multiple copies of DNA,
enlarges and divides in half
○ Body elongates and a second gullet forms
○ Finally, a furrow forms dividing the organism in two
○ Each daughter cell has identical organelles
Reproduction

Sexual
 Conjugation
○ Two paramecia attach to each other by their oral
surfaces.
○ Genetic material is exchanged
○ The paramecia will also go through nuclear
changes within themselves.
○ Paramecia separate and each paramecia will go
through division to form two similar organisms (a
total of four)
Phylum Euglenophycota
Class Euglenophyceae
Genus Euglena
Euglena
Movement

Flagella – two – one very long, one very
short
 Uses a whip-like motion with the flagella to
PULL themselves through the water

Euglenoid Movement
○ Modified Amoeboid movement
○ Pulls the cytoplasm in so shape becomes
round, then re-extends itself forward.
○ Worm-like motion
Body Covering

Pellicle
 Maintains shape
Support
Pellicle
 Cytoplasm

Nutrition

Autotrophic
 Photosynthesis
○ Chloroplasts – contain Chlorophyll a and b
and carotenoids

Saprophytic
 Absorbs dissolved nutrients in low light or
darkness
Respiration
• Exchange dissolved gases with environment
Circulation

Open circulatory system
 Gullet – exterior opening near flagella
 Resevoir – section at end of gullet
Excretion
Soluble wastes diffuse to environment
 Contractile vacuole

 Maintains water balance by expelling excess
water into the reservoir
Responses

Eyespot
 Small red spot that is light-sensitive
Reproduction

Asexual
 Binary Fission
○ Once per day under ideal conditions

Sexual
 unknown
Classification

Euglena could be classified as either a
protozoa or an algal.

Scientists tend to lean toward algal
because it appears more plantlike due to
the photosynthetic structures using
photosynthesis as a first source of
nutrition.
Planaria
Phylum: Platyhelminthes
Classification

Kingdom: Animalia
Subkingdom: Eumetazoa
Superphylum: Platyzoa
Phylum: Platyhelminthes
Class: Turbellaria
Order: Seriata
Suborder: Tricladida
Family: Planariidae
Movement
Special cells – produce slime on ventral
side
 Ciliated cells – propel worm over slime
layer
 Contractions of the muscle layers
beneath the epidermis help with larger
movements

Body Covering

Three layers
 Epidermis – slime layer
 Mesoderm – organs and systems develop
from these cells
 Gastroderm – lines the digestive tract
Support

Intestine structure
Nutrition
Scavenge pieces of decayed animal or
plant matter
 Mouth – small opening on ventral side to
allow pharynx to exit
 Pharynx – straw-like structure that takes
up food particles
 Food is broken down in the intestine
structure then digested by cells and
diffused

Respiration
• Diffusion
Circulation

Diffusion
Excretion
Diffusion
 Flame cells – assists in diffusion; hollow
bulbs containing a tuft of cilia that help
to maintain current flow throughout the
tubules systems

Responses
Elaborate nervous system
 Group of nerve cells called the “brain”
 Sensory nerves for taste, touch, and
smell located in the anterior portion of
animal
 Two longitudinal nerves run alone the
length of animal and are connected by
transverse nerves
 Eyespots – react to light intensity

Reproduction

Asexual
 Regeneration

Sexual
 Hermaphroditic – male and female
 Only uses cross-fertilization
Yellow Perch
Classification









Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Superclass: Osteichthyes
Class: Actinopterygii
Subclass: Neopterygii
Infraclass: Teleostei
Order: Perciformes
Family: Percidae
Genus: Perca
Movement
Swim Bladder – helps the fish to control
depth
 Paired fins

 Pectoral – side fins toward the head
 Pelvic - below and behind pectoral

Unpaired fins




Anterior dorsal – front, top
Posterior dorsal – back, top
Anal – ventral, behind pelvic
Caudal (tail) – extreme back of fish
Support
Bony skeleton containing a vertebral
column and skull bones
 Body covering

 Scales
 Mucus – secreted by glands beneath the
scales; coats the scales with a waterproof
coating
 Countershading – top half darker than
bottom half so that from whichever direction
fish is camouflaged; protection device
Nutrition





Feed on plankton, worms, insects, plants,
other fish, and even some mammals
Mouth – biting and holding prey
Pharynx and esophagus – flexible and
food passes from mouth to stomach
through these
Tube-like stomach – storage
Pyloric ceca – located at junction of
stomach and intestine; secretes digestive
enzymes
Nutrition
Liver – large, secretes bile that helps
with the digestion of fats
 Gallbladder – stores excess bile
 Pancreas – secretes other digestive
enzymes

Respiration
Operculum – inconspicuous plate behind
the eye;
 Gills – two rows of thin filaments


Operculum closes forcing water into the
mouth, operculum then opens and draws
water over the gills; oxygen that dissolved
in the water is exchanged through the gill
membrane into the many blood vessels;
waste carbon dioxide is exchanged out to
the water
Circulation

Heart
 Atrium – receives blood from body tissues
 Ventricle – pumps blood from atrium to the
arteries
Arteries – carry blood to organs
 Veins – carry blood back to heart

Response





Brain – lobed
Spinal cord –
Ten pairs of cranial nerves branch from the
brain to many pair of spinal nerves
Olfactory nerve – sense of smell is one of
the best senses for the fish
Olfactory sacs – small pouches behind
nostrils on the fish’s snout; can detect
minute amounts of stuff in water; smells
guide some fish during migration
Response
Tongue – used for taste (dull sense) and
touch
 Sound vibrations detected through skull
 Lateral line – sensory canal – allows fish
to detect changes in water pressure and
movement beneath them; very sensitive

Reproduction
Oviparous – eggs are laid then fertilized
 Females – ovaries; eggs
 Males – testes; sperm

Females spawn (deposit eggs) then
males cover with milt (substance
containing sperm)
 Yolk – food material
